The primary target of Tennysons poetry Essay Example for Free

The primary target of Tennysons poetry Essay â€Å"The primary target of Tennyson’s poetry is Victorian greed and materialism. † How far do you agree with this view of Tennyson’s poetry? In your answer you should either refer to two or three poems in detail or range more widely through the whole selection. Tennyson throughout his poetry focuses on greed and materialism when reflecting on the changing times in society and the growing of ‘the work of the days of man’ and the golden age. He does this particularly in ‘Maud’ In ‘Morte D’Arthur’. ‘Maud’ is poem written about a man who loses his father after he is murdered by a business friend . Tennyson uses this as the basis to explore the mental instability of the speaker which he uses to explore other issues such as Victorian greed and materialism. In ‘Maud’ Tennyson undertakes a psychological exploration of the speaker ‘maud’ who seems to have gone mad after losing his father . He focuses on the greed and materialism on how the speaker’s father was unjustly killed by his fellow business partner . He says : ‘ gorged scheme that had left us flaccid and drain’d’ This literally translates as sucked us dry which shows how selfish the business partner was so on the whole reflects society’s greediness . Then Tennyson goes on to criticise the actions of society and you can see this clearly when the speaker talks of how ‘blessings of Peace? ’ have been ‘made into a curse’ by society. This implies to the reader that society has become so corrupt , greedy and selfish that even positive things , ‘blessings’ have been turned into bad things ‘curses’. The speaker muses on how no there are ‘pickpockets’ , ‘each hand lusting for all that is not its own’. There is now so much greediness in society that people want to own what is not theirs. Throughout the Victorian era there was a radical change with the advance of science for example Darwin and his evolution of species which went against Religious beliefs that God created Everything . Tennyson having strong faith in Christianity highlights how this new age ‘the golden age’ despite it’s breakthroughs poses danger to society and humanity through the speaker. The speaker says ‘these are the days of advance , the works of men of mind,’ . Tennyson using satire because he is mocking the idea of the works of men are and can be better than the the works of God and the substation of works ‘of God ’ with ‘of men of mind’ makes this very obvious to the reader.

Normal Flora And Bacteria Identification Biology Essay

Normal Flora And Bacteria Identification Biology Essay The human body is naturally inhabited by a wide variety of microbes, collectively referred to as normal flora. To investigate the diversity of these microbes at different sites of the body, swabs were taken from the skin behind the ear and back of the throat and cultivated on blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates. Based on colony morphology and Gram staining, Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli were tentatively identified as the most prominent normal flora cultured from the skin and throat respectively. Aim: To cultivate normal flora present on human skin and in the throat using differential selective media. To identify the specific bacteria grown from each region by observing the morphology of the colonies on the agar plates and Gram stained slides. Introduction: The human body is inhabited by a wide variety of microbes. In a healthy human internal tissue are normally free of microorganisms whereas surface tissues are in constant contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by certain microbial species (Toddar 2005). The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora or normal biota. Each body surface has its own characteristic resident biota made up of particular microbial species (Ingraham Ingraham, 2004). The type of bacteria found in a certain location depends on environmental needs such as ideal temperature, pH, physiology and available nutrients. For example, areas such as the armpit, navel or the back of the throat harbour more microorganisms due to the added moisture, higher body temperature and greater concentration of skin surface lipids (Baron 1996). To aid in the isolation and identification of individual types of bacteria present in our normal flora specialized growth media can be used. Selective media is used to either encourage or inhibit growth depending on the phenotype of the organism. In addition, differential media can help identify between two closely related bacteria that have small phenotypic differences (Ingraham Ingraham, 2004). Blood agar and mannitol salt agar are examples of commonly used media that are both selective and differential, aiding in the growth promotion, identification and discrimination of common human normal flora. This study aims to investigate and identify the normal flora diversity found on the human body using these standard microbiology techniques. Methods: Resident bacteria were sampled from two anatomical sites, the skin behind the ear and the back of the throat. Blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates were used; incubation time was 24 hours at temperature of 37ÂÂ °C. Gram staining tests and haemolysis were applied to detect colonies and identify them. Results: A number of different colonies were observed on both agar plates following isolation of normal flora from the skin and throat. Table 1 outlines the colony description, blood agar haemolysis and subsequent Gram stain from both anatomical sites sampled. On both plates Cocci bacteria were identified; Gram positive were present at both BA plates, and Gram negative bacteria were only identified at the back of the throat. Types of haemolysis were also different: beta type for sample from the skin, and gamma type for throat sample. Table 2 presents the findings of normal flora colonies grown on mannitol salt agar. The differences between MSA colonies were more significant than between BA colonies: samples from the back of the throat were Gram negative, and samples from the skin behind the ear were Gram negative. Based on these observations and knowledge of the most abundant normal flora at each site, a preliminary identification of the bacteria isolated was made. The bacteria in the throat is most likely Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria is most likely to be identified at the skin. Table 1: Colony morphology and Gram stain of resident microbes from the skin and throat, isolated on blood agar. Site Colony Morphology Haemolysis Cell Morphology Gram Stain Throat Filamentous flat shaped Gamma Cocci Enterococcus aureus Escherichia coli Gram negative and Gram positive Skin Circular convex shaped Beta Cocci Staphylococcus aureus (25% common) Streptococcus pyogenes (5% rare) Gram positive Table 2: Colony morphology and Gram stain of resident microbes from the skin and throat, isolated on mannitol salt agar. Site Colony Morphology Colour Cell Morphology Gram Stain Throat Punctiform flat shaped No color Cocci Neisseria sp. Neisseria meningitides Escherichia coli Proteus sp. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Haemophilus Influenza Spirochetes Gram negative Skin Punctiform flat shaped Small pink or red colony Cocci Staphylococcus Epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Corynebacteria (Bacilli) Gram positive Discussion: To investigate the diversity of normal flora, areas from the skin and throat were sampled and the resident bacteria isolated on blood agar and mannitol salt agar plates, prior to Gram staining. BA plates are differential: MSA plates are selective and differential. Cultures grew on each half of the plates. The results obtained at BA and MSA plates are different; this may result from several factors: sampling variations, growth variations and approximateness of estimates produced by Gram staining. For throat swabs, results were negative and positive at BA plate, and only negative at MSA plate; for skin swabs, Gram results were positive at both plates. At both halves of the plates major colonies could be identified. Generally, it was expected to testify greater variety of bacteria at the throat swab compared to skin swab basing on the difference of environments (humidity, higher temperature, exposure to different microorganisms). During the experiment, a slightly greater diversity was indeed observed. Escherichia Coli was determined as major colony at throat sample because BA plate demonstrated gamma haemolysis and the throat swab shown Gram-negative results both times (and Gram-positive results only at BA plate). Different shapes of colonies also correspond to this identification as E. Coli does not have a particular cell arrangement. Staphylococcus aureus were determined as type of colony for skin swab since of its colony type, beta haemolysis reaction and Gram-positive stain, 25% common. Also, Staphylococcus aureus is common for the normal flora of humans found on nasal passages, skin and mucous membranes (Bauman 2008), In order to make more detailed analysis, it is possible to perform catala se test. To make a conclusion, the results of the experiment demonstrate the diversity and preliminary identification of common normal flora found resident on the skin and throat.

Christianity and its Reception in Japan Essay -- Jesuit Missionaries,

During the fifthteenth century the Western religion of Christianity began to spread across the world through the influence of European powers such as Portugal and Spain. In 1549 the tiny island nation of Japan was first exposed to Christianity in the form of Jesuit missionaries, which included the affluent Saint Francis Xavier of Spain. Japan, up to this time, had always been an isolated country and this was applied towards its traditional cultural values as well, shunning outsider influences without a second thought. Through Xavier's efforts however, Christianity was able to create a solid foundation in spite of its foreign nature. From its point of arrival in 1549 Christianity enjoyed a peaceful and gradual growth, until 1597, when Japan's then de facto military leader, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, ordered the crucifixion of some twenty-six Christians in an outburst of anger (Spae 5). From here on the Japanese government began a series of persecution against Christianity and its followers w ithin Japan, ultimately cultivating into a bloody rebellion, and near massacre, in the Shimabara providence in 1639, and the eventual banning of all things Christian alongside a re-isolation of the country. This raises the question: Why was the religion of Christianity met with such resentment by the Japanese government? To answer the question, one must understand the circumstance and history of foreign tolerance in Japan, while also being aware of the political situation within the country at the time. From learning and analyzing these factors of society and politics, it can be realized that Christianity was utilized as a political scapegoat by the Shogunate [Military] government for superordinate means. Furthermore by analyzing this claim, an explana... ...d citizens. The attack of Christianity was chosen due to its foreign nature, as well the fact that it was minor nuisance, posed no actual political threat, and could easily be manipulated into a terrible monster. Once the Bakafu created this image of the evil Christians, and dispelled of it, the Japanese citizens were tricked into a fervent trust and admiration of their rulers. The events which transpired during this period of time help to explain why later Japan would become such a ultra-nationalistic country. The military administration of Japan was able to draw such focus and morale from its citizens due to an excellent manipulation towards view of foreign ideas. And from this initial embedding of anti-foreignness and blind belief in the government, would come the birth of the infamous modern-era patriotic and ultra-militaristic Japan of the twentieth century.

AgDscam is a Receptor found in Vectors Correlates to Malaria Essay

Introduction The most dangerous creature in the world is the mosquito. Every year, mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, viral encephalitis, and West Nile virus, cripple and kill millions of people. In fact, malaria, a parasitic mosquito-borne disease, infects more than 400 million people and kills more than two million people each year. It is one of the principal causes of mortality in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The most fatal version of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Malaria infected Cell Disease-transmitting mosquitoes are exposed to a wide range of deadly pathogens, and yet, they are able to resist infection. These invertebrates produce pattern recognition receptors, PRRs, which discern the specific molecular pattern associated with a pathogen. Upon recognition, the PRRs activate the insects immune system, which then isolates the pathogens by confining it within another molecule. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito generates approximately 150 PRR genes, each one with the ability to distinguish the molecular pattern for a particular pathogen. Another insect, the Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly, contains a gene, Dscam (short for Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule), that plays a large role in producing PRRs. A recent study has shown that the fruit flies ability to quarantine bacteria is impaired when the Dscam gene is silenced. The Anopheles gambiae species has a related gene known as AgDscam. In this study, AgDscam was silenced; as a result, the mosquitos ability to resist infections with bacteria and defend against the malaria parasite Plasmodium was severely compromised. .. ... drawing forth the infectious organism through the production of challenge-specific splice form repertoires enriched with receptor molecules, which can easily identify molecules associated with microbial pathogens. The induction of this pathogen is done via immune signaling pathways. The mammalian down syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene does not undergo as much alternative splicing as that of insects, and it can only produce three different mRNA forms. This may imply that Dscam in mammalian nervous systems have a more specialized function which utilizes antibodies for patter recognition. Overall, understanding the immune system of the Anopheles Gambiae vector is very important. If we can become familiar with the way its immune system works and how it recognizes Plasmodium, it could become helpful in devising control strategies for the spread of malaria.

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Essay -- Papers Weed Drugs Legalization

Should Marijuana be Legalized? Every 54 seconds, someone in the country is arrested for smoking marijuana. While some see this as a sign of the epidemic proportions of marijuana use in this country and as support for a continued crackdown; others argue that pot arrests are a waste of time and money, and a sign that it’s -- forgive the pun -- high time to legalize marijuana. What do you think: should lighting up a joint, join, beer drinking and puffing tobacco as an inalienable American rights? Supporters of legalized marijuana argue that it should be legalized to protect the greater social good, to prevent government hypocrisy towards recreational drug use, and to protect individual rights of choice. By defining all marijuana use as criminal, they argue, we are clogging courts and already-overburdened prisons, wasting police resources, and needlessly destroying the lives and jobs of otherwise model citizens. By legalizing marijuana, we would not only avoid these problems, we would also be drying up the money that goes to organized crime and drug smugglers through the marijuana market. The government would be able to regulate marijuana, preventing more dangerous substances from being combined with it. The economic benefits of legalization of marijuana would also be substantial. Not only would the government receive revenue from marijuana taxation, farmers would also be able to grow hemp, which was an important source of fiber for rope, cloth, and paper in the United States until sixty years ago. Marijuana, AKA: pot, dope, grass, weed, Mary Jane, reefer, ganja, kaya, and doobie, an illegal drug, is a green or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It can be eaten in c... ...ects timing, movements, and coordination. Also, according to a study conducted by Reitbrock and Harder, using pot can affect thinking and judgment, which can mean users may do things they wouldn’t do with a clear head. This can mean unsafe sex or other risky behaviors. We can debate this issue all day long. I don’t feel America is ready to legalize marijuana at this time. Give it some time and some extensive comprehensive studies, and then, maybe, just maybe there could be a place in the medical field for this herb, if it is administrated in a controlled environment. Resources American Council for Drug Education 164 West 74th Street New York, NY 10023 National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) 12 West 21st Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10010 National Institute on Drug Abuse 6001 Executive Blvd Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9561.

Much ado about nothing presentation of women in the play

In the play the way the characters Interact with each other Is somewhat dependent on class, however largely dependent on gender. A general theme in the play is that the male characters often see the women as deceivers â€Å"trust none† and almost expect them to cheat, resulting in many a Joke based on becoming a cuckold. The plot, women being slandered by mischief-makers whose lover or husband is led to believe she has been unfaithful to him can give us an idea of Shakespearean view (someone who lived In a society where women were submissive to men) as he uses a similar plot again in three more plays including Othello.In Shakespearean comedy there is always confusion, in this case with many mistakes, but ends with it being put back together again (at a wedding) reinforcing that a stereotypical man should have a woman at his side. When looking at the presentation of women in the play, the two significant female characters: Beatrice and Hero, appear to be on the opposite side of the stereotypical spectrum. Beatrice, possibly the most intriguing character in the whole play, speaks and behaves with more than usual freedom.She Is unique as she not only possess a brain, but delights in the use of it, presenting a challenge to all the ale characters. She behaves far from the typical Elizabethan woman emphasized in ACTA scenes where in response to Elongates wish for Beatrice to get married she proclaims she will not be fitted with a husband â€Å"till god make men of some other mettle than earth. † In complete contrast, Hero does not take Beatrice advice to wait and â€Å"let him be a handsome fellow,† she Is completely submissive to her father and doesn't even get to respond In the play.As the reader can see, marriage Is a central part of the play and the way the character's approach marriage can give us a real insight into the presentation of women. I have already mentioned Beatrice talks about being â€Å"fitted† with a husband, this is a notion which suggests that in the play marriage was seen as the woman giving herself to the man. When Beatrice professes her love for Benedict he says that he will â€Å"stop her mouth† with a kiss, showing a man expects to almost â€Å"tame† a woman and she Is expected to be submissive to him.The idea of a woman being completely submissive to their husband Is presented when Hero and Ursula describe Beatrice â€Å"wild spirits† to be â€Å"caught† for Benedict. This suggests that she is now at Benedicts disposal and has almost become his pet. Despite Beatrice reversal in her views on marriage, she had to be tamed to conform to society. Hero however, who is depicted as the model women in the play, is quite happy to marry Claudio despite being â€Å"wooed† by Don Pedro.This presents the socially accepted women as people who are almost thankful to be noticed by men and are quite happy to agree to any proposal they might have. The contrast between Her o and Beatrice highlights the effect of a dominant male in Elizabethan society. Hero has to conform to her father who insists she get married. However, Beatrice does not have a father present in Messing at the time and therefore is not under pressure to marry a man leaving it up to her own discretion.This highlights how women are presented as the object which fathers use to Increase the social standing fact all men that see women as objects. Claudio uses the metaphor â€Å"rotten orange† to describe Hero. In today's society one would expect the orange would represent her beauty on the outside and the sweetness of her character on the inside. However, as she was described as rotten, the inside of the orange for Claudio represented Hero's chastity. This suggests that the most important thing for a man was a woman's beauty and chastity not her character, reinforcing the presentation of women as objects.As does the fact that Don Pedro â€Å"wooed† Hero and then after winni ng Hero over passed her over to Claudio as if it did not matter that she has been tricked. Women as deceivers— Margaret Links to not having a father Links to cuckolding , perhaps showing us how it was an accepted thing for women to be almost controlled by their father and even for them to dictate to whom a women would get married to (as if the father uses their daughter of a way of increasing the social tanning of their family name).This is slightly ironic as later in the play Beatrice herself is said to be â€Å"caught† for Benedict by Hero and Ursula after they compared her spirit to a â€Å"haggard of the rock† and she decides to bind their love in a â€Å"holy band,† both the catching of an animal and a band suggests that the marriage may be restrictive and she will be â€Å"tamed† and domesticated by Benedict as Hero is by her father.Beatrice reversal stems from over hearing a conversation where she finds out that her wit seems not to be appre ciated â€Å"mock me into air. † She is forced to liaise that it is not the way other women think she should behave and it doesn't gain her popularity â€Å"no glory lives behind the back of such† for behaving in this manner.The tone â€Å"taming my wild heart† in which she speaks in what may be called her speech of reversal suggests that she understands this is the right way for a women to live her life and the very fact that she is thinking about marriage â€Å"holy band† even before it is confirmed that Benedict is actually in love with her suggests that for women in the play/at that time it was their ultimate goal to get married and all the dottiness about remaining a bachelor was a mask to cover up their true feelings hence the relief she feels when she finds out Benedicts love and possibly explains why their exchange at the masked ball was so fiery and aggressive, to cover (as a mask does) up their underlying love and wish to be married like society (Leona and Antonio) suggests. Despite previously saying that one could burn him at the â€Å"stake† and his views would remain, Benedict quickly changes heart to, â€Å"the world must be peopled. However, Benedicts speech is written in prose and is very matter of fact â€Å"l will be horribly in love with her. Unlike Beatrice where it is more romantic, showing how women are presented to be slightly softer romantics but it is the men â€Å"if I do not take pity on her I am a villain† who are expected to take in the woman. Throughout the play we also get a sense that the men see the women as deceivers â€Å"l will not do them the wrong to mistrust any, I will do myself the right to trust none† and almost expect them to cheat, shown by the fact that instead of a cuckold being a suggesting that it is somewhat a certainty that a wife will be unfaithful.When the bastard Don John, who is a self-professed â€Å"plain-dealing villain† slanders Hero, they re ver y quick to come up with the plan to disgrace her in front of the whole congregation, not try and speak with her and find out whether the allegations even have substance. The fact that Don Pedro and even Claudio (who was going to marry Hero) almost immediately believes in Don John (someone who admitted â€Å"you may think I love you not†) and even starts planning his revenge (possibly showing how the most important factor for a man was a woman's chastity due to the extreme nature of his revenge) on Hero shows that although it was a surprise it wasn't something which shocked the men and by agreeing to go to the window in the evening gives us he impression that they are expecting the evening to confirm what they have Just been told.The fact that the Claudio is so quick to entertain the idea that Hero has been unfaithful (foreshadowed in the party scene,) and men are so worried about becoming a cuckold could stem from marriages not possibly meaning as much in comparison to what t hey mean today. After all, it was Don Pedro that actually â€Å"wooed† Hero. This links to the fact that although the men often see the women as deceivers, the women (in this case Hero) seem to have to put up with the fact that Hero was manipulated by two men. Although, Hero seemed to be happy about the whole thing (or had to be under the influence of her father) again further suggesting that it was a women's goal to get married and it didn't particularly matter who it was to, Don Pedro or indeed Claudio.This suggests that it was somewhat a career option for a women hence why they may appear to become domesticated and this could also link to why men are so worried about being cuckolded because the pair decided to get married quickly â€Å"marry her tonight† without actually knowing each other really well. Claudio describes Hero as â€Å"a Jewel,† something which looks wonderful and is radar to find, by using a metaphor and describing her in this why suggests tha t Claudio may see Hero as an object to admire and possess, rather than someone to love. The fact that when he is denouncing her at the wedding he describes her as a â€Å"rotten orange,† you may think that an orange would be used to describe her beauty on the outside and her sweetness on the inside although actually the inside refers to her chastity once again showing us that looks and chastity are, in the eyes of men, more important than personality.Although, in response to how quick Claudio lives in the allegations, another interpretation may be that Shakespeare made his characters worried about others â€Å"the prince woes for himself† deceiving or betraying them no matter what gender and are Just generally susceptible to being caught out by a mischief maker shown when Don John manages to convince Claudio that he has heard Don Pedro â€Å"swear his affection† for Hero, this is a method Shakespeare used for comedic purposes. During the play it becomes apparent that a man places a great deal of importance on a woman's Chastity. Leona berates â€Å"do not pop thin eyes† Hero to the very point where he wishes her dead and wishes that she as not from his blood so he could say â€Å"no part of it is mine. † The metaphor where he says she has fallen into a â€Å"pit of ink† and there isn't enough drops of water in the sea to clean her emphasis that it is the highest of almost all offences.However, when the full story transpired and it became clear that it was in fact Margaret who and therefore different rules were applied for a different class of woman, suggesting that Chastity was a must in an upper class woman yet for men and woman of the lower classes it was more acceptable to entertain someone before marriage if they even get married at all. Although, the fact that Broacher, the very person that deceived the princes is the person that proves Margaret was not aware of the plot shows that even a lowly male servant, who h as committed a terrible crime still has the status in society to prove that Margaret was innocent. In the play it is not even mentioned that Margaret is at the wedding. As she does not speak up, it is either clear that she was not present or simply she would not be believed due to her gender and social standing.However, in Kenneth Branch film Margaret was present and the actor interpreted her face to look horrified, perhaps for Hero but also maybe suggesting that even a woman of lower class would find it horrific for her actions to come out in front of all the people present. Conclusion – modern interpretation better but still gender gap. Coalescence OF MARGE-RAT AND URSULA?class Leona- dogberry CONCLUSION– One of the most interesting ideas in the play is that the traditional couple are perhaps not really in love, but the odd couple are. –Beatrice most horrible line in play I. E market place The fact that a woman says it may show that actually woman are not much different to men who go off and fight a war it is Just society that stops them from doing it

Literature review †Anxiety and Depression in the Workplace Essay

Emotional concerns in the workplace are a considerable loss to employee’s health and welfare. They slow down the performance of employee and so they are harmful to the organisational well-being as well. This literature review would put forward a concise introduction on the two frequently occurring emotional concerns in the workplace: anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression are a usual and adaptive reaction to the individual who is undergoing such emotional problems in our surroundings. They are a normal part of life, and would take place at any time when there are considerable positive or negative changes in one’s life. In general, it is believed that some of the anxiety and depression are challenging and positive one but some are negative where the individuals feel difficult to handle it. Anxiety and depression would take place in personal life as well as work life. This literature review is mainly focused on how an employee who is suffering from anxiety and depression should behave and at the same time how managers should handle the situations when his/her employee is suffering from anxiety and depression. Analyzations and insinuations of such emotional problems are discussed in this review. Moreover, this literature review is endowed with sensible understanding in support of recognizing and dealing with the anxiety and depression in the workplace. This review also focuses on the role of manager as supporter to the employees by taking necessary initiative steps to decrease the possibilities of anxiety and depression in the workplace. Defining Depression and Anxiety: Defining the term ‘depression’ is very complex because of the involvement of intrinsic uncertainty. According to , ‘ depression can be witnessed as a condition of mood, as a special symptom manifesting itself in many different mental disorders, as a syndrome measured by depression rating scales, and as a clinical diagnosis operationalised in diagnostic classifications’. (Weiten, 2001) and (Barlow, 2005), who are the psychology book writers, highlighted the debilitating effect that depression has on an individual which was agreed by different researchers and scholars. Through his findings, Blair stated that depression is severely debilitating and the most common mental health disorder affecting society. This was further detailed in 2000 by Akiskal that irregular depressive mood experienced as low spirits, dejection, and sadness can be a normal reaction to disappointments, adversities, and losses and should be differentiated from depressive disorders, which represent actual psychological illness and are often accompanied by distinct impairment of psychological, somatic, and social functioning . Bender and Furman agreed with Blair and came to the conclusion in 2003 that depression was found to probably be incurable and had raised to become the world’s number one public health problem. An American judge held that depression is a misleading term for an extremely debilitating illness. (Seligman, et al.,) defined anxiety as â€Å" psychological and physiological state characterized by by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components†. Davison stated that â€Å"it is the displeasing feeling of fear and concern† . Depression and Anxiety in the work place: In the present status of the economy, anxiety and depression in the workplace are the rising concerns where the employees are facing more and more situations of work overload, no job safety, no job satisfaction, and lack of self-sufficiency. Depression has significant economic impacts relative to lost productivity within the workplace . Workplace anxiety and depression have been exposed to have unfavorable impacts on employees’ health, well-being, workplace productivity, absenteeism, and workplace performance. Lost productivity involves presenteeism, in which the employee is present in the work setting but productivity is reduced due to health concerns or depressive symptoms, or in terms of absenteeism from work . Anxiety normally occurs when an individual senses that he/she is just going to face some circumstances on which he/she will not have control and ability to manage the situations. Particularly, workplace is the main ground where such situations happen to occur. Changes in the company such as restructurings, amalgamations and change in company policies are quite common incidents which take place in an organisation are some of the source anxiety. Now a day’s most of the organisations are trying to cut off their personnel to the least by putting more pressure on employees and overloading them with more work than their capacity to handle are also one of the main cause of anxiety. In workplace, employees are likely to suffer from anxiety in the following situations; when dealing with austere managers, when there are possibilities of downgrading, being tensed whether they can get their job task completed on time, Panic of getting terminated from their job In any organisations, there are certain existing rules, regulations and company policies which all the employees are enforced to stick on to. At times, these systems of the company can also cause anxiety and depression to an employee when there is some clash of pursuits between acting based on what he/she thinks is right and what the current system of the company states. Moreover, this situation can be pointed up further when the employees have to pact with customers or with the bond with their colleagues. Generally all the employees try to relieve their own anxiety and depression either by adjusting with their work environment or by resigning their job. To overcome such situations, individuals as well as organisations can take some initiative steps to ease the harmful impacts of anxiety and depression, or to prevent it from coming up in the initial stage. Effect of Depression and Anxiety: The course of adjustment to work environment results in employees’ anxiety and depression. Workplace stress is usually caused by employees’ acuity about their position in the organisation and includes the role of variance and role of vagueness. An employee’s perception of his/ her position in the workplace comes up from the job designation, interpersonal bond models, as well as from the emotion of discreteness and relation to others. Workplace depression states several behavior performance and behavioral shortfalls of an individual in the workplace (Lerner, et al., 2004; National Institute of Mental Health, 2011; Wallace, 2011; Wang et al., 2008). An employee who is suffering from anxiety and depression is affected psychologically, physiologically, cognitively. Some of the psychological effects are aggressiveness, evading societal situations, tapered forbearance to hand stress, loosing temper, becoming impatient deprived motor control. Physiologically, employee can suffer from fast heart beating, clammy hands, often headaches, muscle inflexibleness and aches, difficulties in breathing, indigestion, high blood pressure, frequent mood swings, change in eating habits, falling sick regularly and changes in weight. Anxiety would cognitively affect an individual’s capability of focusing, memory power and motor skills. Sometimes, an individual may not recall the names of the person whom he/she know or fails to remember what task he/she wanted to do. Depression and anxiety in the workplace would even effect the organisation in terms of financial loss. It was anticipated that 12 billion dollars was lost by the business and industry from lost output, 12 billion dollars was lost from non-attendance, for direct treatment costs business lost 26.1 billion dollars, and 5.4 billion dollars was lost due to death (Greenberg, et al., 2003; Lerner, et al., 2004). How employees should control their anxiety and depression? There are more possibilities of retaining the talents and experiences of the depressed employee for the organisations, if he/ she takes break for sometime from the work and then return back in a suitable and meaningful role. This would also decrease the possibilities of such occurrence of such situations. Every employee should know how to identify the situations of anxiety and depression and need to make use of personal coping strategies and develop. Employee can use the following methods in coping with their stress ; Meditating – learning Yoga Laughing therapy Spending some time in their hobbies on regular basis Sharing of feelings with their close ones Relaxation techniques – profound breathing, progressive relaxation, listening to relaxation music, massage therapy and hot baths Maintaining balanced diet Depressed employees need enough sleep Avoid consuming caffeine Exercising or joining in dance, swimming classes etc. These techniques will help in muscles relaxing; slowing down the heart beats and reduce emotional problems. This will also help them to concentrate and focus on things and manage anxiety and depression without any difficulty. Role of Organisation as supporters: First of all, the organisation should concentrate on the following question to determine where they are going wrong. i. Is there any circumstance that triggers employees’ anxiety in the workplace? ii. Is there any changes taking place in the organisation frequently? iii. Do the new rules and policies are threatening the employees? iv. Is there any terminations frequently done in the company that trigger the anxiety level of the employees? Successful organisations would assist their employees to defy the bigger demands, reduce their panics and negative levels in the market and the country as a whole. To overcome the emotional problems of the employees, the organisation should start implementing some strategies that can be useful in reducing the effect of depression and anxiety. The approaches are as follows; Company should allow the employer and employees to informal and frank communications so that both can have an opportunity of expressing any apprehensions. Company should have the best policies and procedures in the workplace ensuring the employees’ well-being. Company should send a message stating its support for each employee’s emotional concerns to all the employees. Organisation should aware of the work pressures handled by the employees, percentage of absenteeism and employees’ illness. They should also review their present policies and systems and indentify the positives and negatives of the same so as to change the policies suitable to the organisation. They should implement mental health policy which shows the commitment of the employer of taking care of all the employees who work for the organisation. This will prove that organisation identifies and agrees to the importance of psychological issues of the employees. Companies should make sure that all the employees feel their importance in the organisation and accept them as a part of the organisation. This will also help to reduce the stress level of the employee. They should implement management training and development with regards to anxiety and depression in the workplace. Training should be provided to employees about anxiety and depression. They should learn to identify the symptoms of depression on their own.. This will indeed help the employee’s to know recognise their problem at ease and prevent the circumstances before getting poorer. Manager should also be trained about depression and anxiety so as to be aware about the behavioural changes in the depressed and anxious employees and provide them assistance when need. To decease the situations of depression and anxiety among the employees, quite a lot of researchers have shown that organisations that implement training approaches to the managers tend to avoid practicing the following; Setting unrealistic short task deadlines Giving multifaceted job tasks to the employees without decision making authority Giving repetitive and tedious jobs only to the employee who is capable to doing thing much more than it Deprived management practices where managers are not supportive to the employees and takes unfair decisions. Not giving recognition and not congratulating for good tasks achieved by the employees Organisation should focus on employee engagement; implement programmes like Employee Assistance Programme (EAP), Stress Management Programme. Role of Employers as supporters: Different people are affected by depression and anxiety in different ways. Some people who experience anxiety or depression would manage to handle the situation and would continue with their work. But some people would definitely need a break. In such situations, there should be someone in the organisation to support the employee to return back to the workplace and this is possible only by the employers. Employers are required to realise the basis of such type of psychological problems, prevention of such emotional problems, and the array and efficiency of different treatments related to such problems. Employees can improve their performance of the work with the correct extent of anxiety. But if employee’s level of anxiety goes beyond the right extent, then there are possibilities of interference of anxiety with the employees’ performance of the work and their efficiency level. Employers are required to be familiar with various levels of anxiety or depression to facilitate the employees’ with an atmosphere that brings out their most excellent performances. How to identify anxiety or depression in the workplace? Employers should be conscious of the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the workplace. They should also try to identify the changes in the behavioral aspects of their employees. Some of the symptoms are as follows ; Irreconcilable or decreased productivity, Absenteeism, unpunctuality, or often nonappearance in the job site, Increased mistakes, decreased work excellence, Postponement, failure to reach targets, Extraction from collaboration, teamwork, or unnecessary arguments with colleagues, Over perceptive, over-responsive feelings, Becoming too besieged to work, Showing less interest in the work, Decreased work performance or deliberation procedures, Problems in focusing or recalling work responsibilities, Exhaustion and diminished energy level, Lessened attention, and Impaired educational and professional achievement How employers should deal with depressed or anxious employees? Employers should follow the below steps to deal with depressed or anxious employees. They should try to get some knowledge in regards to anxiety and depression, so as to obtain some ideas on what type of emotional problems the employees are undergoing and in what way they can support them. If the employees hesitate to respond to the questions, the employers should lend a hand to them to bring out their fears by showing care and supporting them. This would help to decrease their level of anxiety. Once the feasible ideas are identified, they should have informal meetings with their employees; listen to their problems and determine how to help them and offer support and encourage to them completely. Employees’ feels that their experiences are sensible. If they feel that they are depressed due to particular work related problems, then the employers should try to listen to their views in a laissez-faire manner and take action aptly. If any employee is acts in a different way, then the employer as well as co-workers should keep in mind that this is an outcome of his/her ill health and understand that it is not their fault. While taking these steps, it is the responsibility of the employers to maintain confidentiality about the health issues of depressed employee from other employees. Employers should inform other staffs in case of any changes in the work allocations without letting down the privacy of depressed employee. This would reduce the possibility of tittle-tattle among the other employees. Employers should be in contact with the employees when they are absent to the work and they can also provide a chance to them to present their views on tasks that are likely to happen in the office, in spite of their absence. They should provide them assistance personally and practically. For example, take them out with other staffs after office hours, encouraging them in their work, advising them eat well, inviting them to have lunch together. Employers should try to make their employees to feel more comfortable in the workplace by inviting them as well in the meetings, work related societal events to support them for speedy recovery from depression and anxiety. All the above steps would help the employee to get rid of their depression and anxiety and concentrate on their work. This will also help the employee to increase their motivation level and self esteem. Moreover, these steps will also help the managers and the organisation to be successful by increase in productivity and company profits. Conclusion: Various finding proves that depression and anxiety has negative impacts on individual, as well as organizations. This impact continues to be raising concern in the economy. Most of the people who are suffering from depression are working without taking any breaks with the anxiety of being terminated. Some try to control their depression by the awareness. Either directly or indirectly, depression has been the reason for many death by high blood pressure, heart attacks etc. Most of the workers are suffering physically and emotionally in the workplace due to harmful workplace atmosphere. From this literature review it is proved that these situations can be managed by individuals or by the management or by the organisation to reduce the psychological illness of the employees. Changes should be done from the hierarchy level and hence it is essential for the managers to identify that they have moral responsibility and authority to protect the physical and mental health of their employees . 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