Plato †Philosophy Essay

Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]

History of Indian Constitution Essay

THE CABINET MISSION PLAN In 1946, at the initiative of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, a cabinet mission to India was formulated to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership and providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. With the independence of India on August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly became a fully sovereign body and began work on 9 December 1947. THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies. Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi and R. K. Sidhwa. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Benegal Narasingh Rao and K. M. Munshi Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were important women members. The first president of the Constituent Assembly was Sachidanand Sinha later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9. DRAFTING In the August 14, 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution  Committee. On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members. A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on November 4, 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on the January 24, 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands. STRUCTURE OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT The basic form of the Union Government envisaged in the Constitution was introduced by Dr. Ambedkar as follows, â€Å"A democractic executive must satisfy two conditions: 1. It must be a stable executive, and 2. It must be a responsible executive. Unfortunately, it has not been possible so far to devise a system which can ensure both conditions in equal degree. †¦.. The daily assessment of responsibility, which is not available in the American system is, it is felt, far more effective than the periodic assessment and far more necessary in a country like India. The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to stability.† India, thus adopted a Parliamentary form of government, with the President as the nominal head of the Executive and the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers wielding actual power.

Describe and Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience

Obedience results from pressure to comply with authority. Children are taught to obey from an early age by their care givers, in order for them to conform in society. The authoritarian rule continues through their education and working life, and is then passed on to the next generation. This essay will focus on the work of the American psychologist Stanley Milgram. It will also look at other studies into obedience that evolved from Milgram’s experiments from the early 1960s. Stanley Milgram is one of the leading researchers into the psychology of obedience.Rice et al (2008) and was interested why thousands of German soldiers blindly obeyed orders that resulted in the death of millions of Jewish people during World War II. However if a soldier is obeying orders from their superiors, then should responsibility for the consequences be held to those superiors? But evidence suggests that there was a mass willingness of tens of thousands of people to cooperate with the Nazi regime, even to the extent of shopping neighbours to the Gestapo. Rice et al (2008). The Allies saw the Germans as an authoritarian, militaristic and obedient nation.Suggesting an explanation for this extreme behaviour. Adorno et al (1950) claimed that it was the authoritarian personality that was responsible for the persecution of the Jews in Nazi Germany. Milgram was sceptical of this, believing that obedience was owed more to the situation than to the national character of a particular nation. So in the early 1960s Milgram conducted a series of experiments to support his theory. The aim of Milgram’s Study of Obedience (1963) was to investigate how far people would go in obeying an authority figure. He advertised in local newspapers.The ad was for participation in a study of learning at Yale University. Participants would be paid $4. 50 just for turning up. Through the ads, Milgram had signed up 40 males between the ages of 20 to 50 with various occupations, and all came from a ran ge of educational backgrounds. Believing they were participating in the effects of punishment on learning, the participants were brought to a laboratory setting at Yale, where they would be individually tested. Here they met with the experimenter, dressed in a grey laboratory coat, who appeared stern and impassive throughout the experiment (Class Handout 1).The other participant present would be a confederate to the experiment, and through a fixed lottery, would always be given the role of learner. The participant would then see his apparent peer be strapped to a chair and then the experimenter would attach electrodes to him. The participant was given an initial trail shock of 45 volts, then moved behind a partition. The experiment required the participant to ask the confederate questions on word pairs. For each mistake that was made, the participant was to administer an electric shock to the learner, gradually increasing the voltage from 15 volts up to a lethal 450 volts.The only c ontact with the learner was through an intercom. Throughout the test, the participant would be observed by the experimenter. During the experiment the learner would constantly make mistakes. As the voltage would increase with each incorrect answer, at specific levels, the learner would protest about the shocks. Beginning with moans and groans, begging to be released, kicking the wall and at 315 volts there would be no further responses (Class Handout 1. As the shocks, and responses, increased many of the participants became upset.Three of the participants had uncontrollable seizures, one being so severe that the experiment had to be halted Rice et al (2008). Any questions the participants asked the experimenter during the test, whether it be a request to stop the experiment or asking about the welfare of the learner, would result in the experimenter responding with four verbal prods to continue. Only after the fourth prod would the experiment would finish or when the maximum amount of shocks had been delivered. The results showed that 65% of the participants continued to the maximum level.The results of the first experiment are difficult to generalise to the whole population as Milgram only used American males as participants. Therefore, in a series of follow up experiments, Milgram (1974) investigated factors which may vary the level of obedience. Rice et al (2008). Depending on the variations to the original experiments, the results changed considerably – with 92% complete obedience with the two teacher condition. This would be were the participant would be paired with a second confederate also playing the role of teacher.It would be the confederate delivering the shocks while the participant would only read the questions (Class Handout 1). The allocation of responsibility had now shifted to the confederate who was administering the shocks. The other notable change would be the social support condition which showed a significant drop, with only 10% co mplete obedience. Two more confederates would join the participant as teachers, but soon refused to obey. Most subjects stopped very soon after the others (Class Handout 1).This would imply that disobedience, or obedience, is more likely to happen when there is social pressure present. To test the ecological validity of Milgram’s work Bickman (1974) used 3 male experimenters, dressed in one of three ways: a sports coat and tie, a milkman’s uniform or a security guard's uniform. The experimenters randomly gave 153 pedestrians one of three orders. (Class Handout 2). Bickman found that most people obeyed the experimenter dressed as the guard. This might explain how obedience can be related to perceived authority – thus supporting Milgram’s findings.On the other hand the orders, unlike Milgram’s were not so unreasonable – and so in a public setting, it would be down to attitudes and individual differences as to whether people would comply with a ny mundane requests, regardless of what they are wearing. Support is also shown by the results of Hofling et al (1966). In this experiment at a hospital, twenty-two nurses were called by an unknown doctor (a confederate), requesting they administer drugs to a patient. The order from the doctor, if they went through with it, would have the nurses disobey three hospital rules.First of all, they didn’t know the doctor that was calling them. Second, they didn’t have written authorization. And finally, the dose that was instructed to be given was twice as high as the maximum dosage allowed, this was also stated on the medicine bottle. Despite this twenty-one out of twenty-two nurses obeyed the telephoned instructions, before they were stopped and the situation explained to them. Rice et al (2008) Since being in a natural setting, the study was ecologically valid with the results supporting Milgram's theory.However on the other hand there are clear ethical issues with this s tudy in that the nurses were deceived, there was no consent given prior to the experiment and they had no right to withdraw. With Milgram’s original experiment being carried out in the 1960s, it may suggest that his results can no longer be justifiable in today’s modern society. With the ethical guidelines of today, a replication of the study would now seem impossible. Nevertheless, after making variations to some of Milgram’s procedures, Burger (2007) managed to replicate Milgram’s experiment.Going as far as using the same words in the memory test and the experimenter's lab coat. The most critical changes were made to the ethical treatment of the participants. The experiment was stopped at the 150 volt mark, this was also the point of the first vocal feedback from the learner. From looking at Milgram’s data, participants who continued past 150 volts, 79 percent went all the way to 450 volts. Burger (2007). This allowed them to estimate what the pa rticipants would do if they where allowed to continue. Deception was a criticism of the original experiment.To avoid this, participants were told at least three times that they had the right to withdraw and still receive the full payment. The results were similar to that of more than four decades ago. With 70% willing to continue after the 150 volts. With no significant differences between genders and even with the ethical restrictions, this Study supports Milgram’s original results of well over forty years ago. Another criticism of Milgram’s research is that it was only conducted with Americans and so lacks cross-cultural validity.The experiment has now been replicated across the globe, with the majority of studies showing high levels of obedience, with participants continuing to the maximum shock level. Ranging from 90% in Spain, 80% in Italy, Germany and Austria and 50% in the UK. Rice et al (2008). One exception to this would be in Australia, Kilham & Mann (1974) i n one variation of their experiments, their results showed a minor 16% obedience rate of the subjects, in comparison to Milgram’s original 65%.On the other hand, when looking at the methodology on this particular variation, there are a few notable changes. First of all the general population (male and female variations) that Milgram used had now been replaced by all female students. However the biggest difference is the confederate that was used in the Australian sample – they used a fellow female student. This may of impacted on the participants' willingness to cause pain to someone they saw as equal to themselves, thus resulting in the lower percentage of obedience.In general the results from the cultural and geographical variations continue to support Milgram’s findings. Throughout all the criticisms of Milgram’s early work, the general reliability and validity of these experiments from the early 1960s (as already discussed) have been continued through to modern times, across cultural variations and in and out of the laboratory setting. The results, although varying in some degrees (dependent upon the methodology used in the later studies) still show that people will obey authority even when it violates their core values and lead them to harm others.A criticism that persistently follows the Milgram experiment has been the ethical treatment of the participants in the experiment. Milgram's main defence centres on the debrief that all participants received afterwards. They all received a full report of the procedure and findings. They were also sent a questionnaire to complete which showed that a high percentage of participants stated they were happy they took part in the experiment. So although the experiment did breach today’s ethical guidelines, on the other hand Milgram did not breach these guidelines, since they did not exist at the time.

Service marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service marketing - Essay Example But the storm had hit the hardest by the end of 2008 when the bank had lost both its CEO and Chairman on 19th December, 2008. Ireland was shocked by one of its greatest financial scandal which led Mr. Sean Fitzpatrick, Chairman-AIB and Mr. David Drumm, CEO-AIB to resign thereby leaving behind a scar of undisclosed loan to the tune of â‚ ¬87 million. Though it was apparent that these loans didn’t have any illegal intention as well as consequence, the Financial Regulator had observed that the actions that were taken in order to transfer them were inappropriate (Farrell, 2008). On 15th January, 2009, the Irish Government took the decision not to recapitalize AIB, but to nationalize it (Collins, 2009). On the next day AIB’s shares were shelved and the Government rejected its previous decision of injecting cash to revive the scandal stricken bank (O’Brien, 2009). At the wake of 2009 AIB had fallen from the status of Ireland’s pride to that of a tainted national scandal. Its woes have continued throughout last year and even in 2010 the bank is struggling with a multitude of wide ranging issues such as serious lack of transparency and legislative complications (Ihle, 2010). The undisputed strengths of AIB are its rich heritage and corporate experience. The bank should retrospect and continuously learn from itself. Though it has entered into an unfavorable phase, yet owing to its inherent strengths, AIB can reposition itself as the pride of Ireland. On account of being nationalized AIB has got an opportunity to appease its customers to some extent. It should make optimum use of this chance and implement strategies to reposition itself as a premier financial institution. The most significant threat that AIB faces in the current situation is that of uncertainty. The bank has lost its credibility and hence will be under constant public vigilance. AIB should adopt

Comparing three articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Comparing three articles - Essay Example nvest millions of shillings in adverts just to reach the largest target audience with product information, and consequently, persuade or influence them to buy the product. Non-profit organizations also advertize their messages to raise awareness on various matters that affect communities. Successful ads create desire and interest in the target audience and persuade them to purchase the product in question. Furthermore, these ads provide additional information about the product or service that the consumer may not have been aware of. With the current stiff competition among businesses, use of efficient and proven techniques give firms an edge over their competitors. Though consumers are exposed to millions of adverts, each of these is unique as they each try to use techniques that draw maximum attention of the consumers to the product. Advertisers strive to make ads memorable, convincing, and exciting using visual effects and relevant language for a particular audience. They achieve t his with simple, persuasive, and clear language. Language is powerful and significant tool for human beings to communicate effectively with others. Therefore, the use of relevant and appropriate language in marketing and advertising brings success in the communication process. All firms select appropriate advertisement language to persuade their audience and make their ads successful. Additionally, words of various languages have their denotations. However, these words also have different connotations meaning their emotional associations. Advertisers have taken full advantage of these connotations to efficiently construct persuasive messages that evoke consumers’ emotions. Baumgartner in the article, It’s All in the Detail states that dealers usually feel they have done their job when customers emotionally feel something after viewing their ads. In clarification, O’Neill in The Language of Advertising explains that most clients experience emotional connections to the ads after

Conflict Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conflict Management - Term Paper Example All these can be categorized to fall under four different causes of conflict – personality, leadership, communication and the work environment (Psychometrics 2009). Poor leadership plays a significant role in generating conflict. In nutshell, when there is clash of values, conflicts occur. Positive and negative conflict   Conflicts can reduce morale, lower productivity, increase absenteeism and lead to long-term confrontations leading to violence and crime (Gatlin, Wysocki and Kepner 2008). Conflicts increase group-tension and lead to negative emotions. It can also trigger the desire to abandon the project mid-way, and lead to antagonism, frustration and stress (USDA 2005). Not all of these conflicts that are likely to arise are negative. Conflicting perceptions, for instance, can give rise to something entirely new and creative. New solution to an existing problem implies that conflicts can be positive. Conflicts can help individuals evolve with time and experience. It can lead to better cohesion within the group; it can lead to growth and change. Conflicts act as painful stimulus that urge one to act and grow. Conflicts also indicate commitment to organizational goals as all involved are trying to find the best solution (Stack 2011). It promotes challenge and increases efforts. Conflict is essential for the continued development of human beings (Pedler 1977). The consequences of conflict depend upon how the people involved choose to approach it. Conflict process Since conflict does not always have negative consequences, the first step should be to identify the problem, and then the causes of conflict. Conflict is a process and involves five steps. The prelude stage is the frustration or the latent stage where the variables conducive to the conflict are present – the people, the environment and the relationship between the people (Cahn and Abigail 2007 p43). The triggering phase marks the beginning of the perception of the conflict and could st art with something as insignificant as criticism. The initiation phase is the time when personal realization occurs through feelings of anxiety and tension that there exists some conflict. During the differentiation phase conflict becomes evident to others around, even those that are not involved. Strategies are devised and participants work on dealing with problems and issues. This is followed by the last phase known as the resolution phase when the parties involved agree to arrive at some conclusion which then gives rise to a new phase. However, all these require effective communication methods. II. Communication in conflict   Communication can be complex even within a single culture and society. It has pervasive problems among nations. However, when two cultures are involved, communication is even more complicated. One of the strategies to resolve conflicts is the S-TLC system. Stop - One has to take time out (Stop) and not continuously engage the mind in conflict. Think - The mind has to then engage in thinking rationally instead of jumping to conclusion about others. One should learn not to take things personally. Listen – In conflicts people tend to justify their own actions and become defensive. However, one should devote time to listen to others, their view points because perhaps listening itself could provide solution to the conflict. Communicate –

Understanding Workflow Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding Workflow Design - Research Paper Example As a means to expound upon the process, this brief analysis will seek to three different concepts that were related in the workflow assessment of healthcare IT toolkit as well as seeking to summarize the article in question, â€Å"Developing a mentor program for our cardiovascular ICU†, and providing key ways that these techniques could be utilized within the given context. Firstly, with reference to the three techniques for workflow assessment, the ones that this student has selected for being the most pressing involve the following: determining system requirements, creating and maintaining checklists for work flow and completion, and discussion of systems operation with affected shareholders. With respect to the first and third steps, these act as a type of relay within which the director of change can help to categorize the process and make sure that it adequately addresses the needs of the component parts (Rose 127). All too often when change is initiated, regardless of context, it very often takes place at the very upper echelons of management with no forethought with regards to how that change will affect the individuals upon whom it relates. Secondly, with regards to implementing plans and change mechanisms, it is necessary to determine the overall system requirements and seeking to make the workflow match the given needs that are exemplified (R ouse 4). Lastly, writing down a checklist of goals and integrations helps to force the process to portray something that will take careful consideration of all facets that the workflow process will touch upon. As a means of implementing the aforementioned three components, the article that was reviewed, â€Å"Developing a Mentor Program for Our Cardiovascular ICU† helps to acquaint the reader with the needs of providing a paradigm shift in training for the cardiovascular ICU (Bredeger 112). In

Tools, stucture & sing in Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Tools, stucture & sing in Design - Assignment Example Surprisingly, there was not permanent structure with caves been the first to be developed (Bramle & IDMME Conference, 2005, p. 156). Need for protection from animals led to development wood and mud structures driven by designer/maker/user. Structures developed based on age of needs with people disturbed by the need to protect themselves from animals and hence constructing mud and wooden based structure such as cliff dwellings of American Southeast. The color forms the basic element evident here as red color has been used to indicate need for life savers. It matches earlier signs that printed such signs in red and black using charcoals while ochre stones were painted by yellow oxides. The signs have used red colors and a plus sign to visually create a perception on the significant of such signs, red color is always attached to blood and danger and hence a person is attracted to pay attention to such

Retail Marketing Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Retail Marketing Bachelor - Essay Example Other important applications include informing the details of the company to the sales personnel, suppliers and others so that they become aware of company's goals and achievements. Let's look at the essential elements of marketing plan for a computer-centralize system for a group of hotels. High fields Hotels comprises a group of five hotels based in Southampton and concentrates more on weeknight business clienteles. Employing proper technological applications for appropriate work solves many problems. High fields Hotels uses outdated technological applications that create more problems than solutions. High fields Hotels use standalone PCs to meet the requirements like billing, checking in and checking out of the customers etc. Using PCs is not the problem; the problem arises due to non-availability of network systems in the five hotels. They don't have any central reservation systems that can keep them updated about the different activities of the hotels all the time. Most of the work is done manually at these five hotels. All the five hotel general managers are answerable to group managing director (MD). The hotel general mangers prepare a report by extracting the required data from various systems of the hotels and create management reports using a word processing application. This report is submitted to the group-managing director that would be analysed to make any changes in the daily activities of the hotels. FEASIBILITY STUDY Feasibility study is an important phase in the software development process. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. Feasibility study should be performed on the basis of various criteria and parameters. The various feasibility studies are: Economic Feasibility Operational Feasibility Technical Feasibility Economic Feasibility: It refers to the benefits or outcomes. We are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the product. If the benefits are more or less the same as the older system, then it is not feasible to develop the product. In the present system, the development of the new product greatly enhance the accuracy of the system and cuts short the delay in the processing of Birth and Death application. The errors can be greatly reduced and at the same time providing great level of security. Hence, we do not need any additional equipment except memory of required capacity. No need of spending money on client for maintenance because the database used is web enabled database. Operational Feasibility: It refers to the feasibility of the product to be operational. Some products may work very well at design and implementation but may fall in the real time environment. It includes the study of additional human resources required and their technical expertise. Technical Feasibility: It refers to whether the software that is available in the market fully supports the present application. It studies the pros and cons of using particular software for the

Salesperson characteristics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Salesperson characteristics - Essay Example Interpersonal expectancy effects research focuses on how one individual's expectations influence another individual's behavior. Also known as self-fulfilling prophecies, interpersonal expectancy effects have been shown to be a significant phenomenon in human interaction. Assessments of participants' behavior during the interaction (e.g., time spent talking) and perceptions (e.g., self-report items reflecting participants' liking for each other) revealed that prior expectations affected buyer-seller interactions. Thus, as Arthur Miller mentioned not smiling back means a real earthquake. During the course of daily lives, individuals encounter a multitude of objects. In fact, they are bombarded by a diverse array of stimuli and forced to make innumerable decisions about which to approach and which to avoid. These stimuli include not only such physical objects as foods, clothing, and toys but also other people, events, and activities (Furnham 1999, 44). Moreover, societal matters, as well as conversations with others, often require that individuals adopt a position regarding various social and political issues. Thus, merely proceeding through a day involves individuals making a continuous series of choices based on their appraisals of objects (Furnham 1999, 23). When considered in this way, daily existence appears to be astoundingly burdensome. One can readily imagine an individual who is paralyzed by the need to assess and then weigh the pros and cons of the choice alternatives for each successive decision. Yet, few people - at least not those who can be considered mentally healthy - experience day-to-day life as so phenomenologically troublesome. How do we manage We are extremely adaptive creatures who have the capacity to learn from experience. We have memory for these experiences. We develop and remember vast storehouses of knowledge regarding the attributes that characterize the objects, people, issues, and events that we either encounter directly or learn about indirectly from others. As helpful as this knowledge base might be, however, it represents only an initial step toward individuals' successful coping with the multitude of stimuli that impinge on them. Having knowledge regarding a given object available in memory provides a basis for choice, but still requires that individuals engage in extensive and effortful deliberation. They must retrieve the relevant stored information, consider its implications for approach or avoidance, and integrate those implications into a final judgment (Clarke 1998, 404). Although individuals unquestionably engage in such deliberation at times, even these processes do not seem to capture the ease with which individuals typically function in their daily lives. People do not simply acquire knowledge about the objects in their social world. Instead, individuals employ this knowledge - be it information about the positively and negatively valued attributes of the object, about their past behavioral experiences with the object, and/or about emotions that the object has evoked in the past--as the basis for forming for an attitude toward, or summary evaluation of, the object (Maio & Olson 2000, 359). In other words, individuals categorize objects along an evaluative dimension. It is such categorizations into likes and dislikes - objects that we wish to

Interenatinal human rights midterm essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interenatinal human rights midterm - Essay Example The ICCPR was ratified by the General Assembly in 1966 while the optional Protocol was adopted on the same day (OHCHR). The fact that only Marigold is a member state of the International Criminal Court does not deprive it of the right to take its case to the ICC. According to Article 12 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the ICC has territorial jurisdiction over a crime where the criminal conduct has occurred in the territory of a state which is a member of the ICC (United Nations). Therefore, if the governments of Oakland and Beechland do not cooperate in administering justice to the people, the Marigold government can take its case to the ICC. Another option that is available to Marigold is that under Article 42 of the ICCPR, any member state may request the Committee to take up the matter and constitute a commission to decide the matter. However, this request will only be accepted if the domestic alternatives according to international law have been exhausted (OHCHR). Under this Article, the Committee may set up a Commission after satisfying that all the domestic alternatives have been tried. The Commission would be constituted of five members as opposed to the seven members decided by the Arborian Commission. It would be situated at the United Nations headquarters, the UN office in Geneva, or even at The Hague if the member states, i.e. Marigold and Beechland so determine. If any step taken by the Marigold government fails to address the loss of the Arborian community, then the individuals may make a complaint to the Human Rights Committee under Article 1 of the Optional Protocol of the ICCPR (OHCHR). However, to make a valid request, it is essential that the individual should have exhausted all the domestic resources. However, Article 5 of the Optional Protocol makes a concession in the case where the provision of appropriate remedies by the State government

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay What evidence is there in A Christmas Carol of social, cultural and historical contexts? A Christmas Carol is rich with historical, cultural and social contexts, all poignantly intertwined throughout the text. As the story is set in Victorian times, we are immediately given a sense of time and place in stave 1, by descriptions of both customs and daily routines. As the tale was set so long ago, there were obviously no modern appliances or conveniences. Dickens shows this as he describes Scrooges counting house. Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerks fire was so much very smaller that it looked like one coal, and tried to warm himself at the candle. We are also given an insight into the era when Dickens outlines customs in the streets Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links, proffering their services to go before horses in carriages, and to conduct them on their way The language used, I believe, is also influential to the overall story. Again Dickens is setting a time frame, which the tale adheres to, and the phrases used by some characters highlight this I am sorry with all my heart to find you so resolute. We have never had any quarrel, to which I have been a party. But I have made the trial in homage to Christmas, and Ill keep my Christmas humour to the last, Stop till I shut the door of the shop. Ah! How it skreeks! There ant such a rusty bit of metal in the place as its own hinges From the beginning of the novel and, obviously due to its title, we can see that there is much influence from the cultural aspects of Christmas. As the story is set in the festive season, great emphasis is stressed on Scrooges attitudes compared to those around him at this traditionally jovial time of year/ This is a major factor in the structure of the story, although it is the general social and cultural side of the holiday rather than the religious meaning. In fact religion is only suggested once, It might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see, but isnt as important as the suggestion of charity and kindness to ones fellow man. The social aspects of the time, particularly the attitudes of some upper class towards the lower classes, play an important role in the story and are voiced by, and then turned against, Scrooge. When asked whether he wishes to support a charity, Scrooge replies that prisons and workhouses are all the charity the poor need. The harshness of these remarks are later presented to Scrooge in a different context and he begins to realize the full error of his ways- a major point in the story. Dickens, contrary to Scrooges thinking, later criticizes these opinions when we are shown the extent of the Cratchits poverty. I believe the sympathy Dickens arouses when describing the house, stems from his own childhood where he was forced to work in a workhouse similar to those Scrooge talks about. This, I think, provides strong emotional aspects in the text and enables Dickens to effectively compel his audience to disagree with the social views presented.

External Factors Affecting To The Pepsico Marketing Essay

External Factors Affecting To The Pepsico Marketing Essay Books, articles, journals and periodicals were reviewed; internet sources were also visited, to elicit information. The major threat identified were more of environmental, arising majorly from its sludge which was alleged to contain a high level of toxic chemicals, including cadmium and lead, both of which can be harmful to human and plants. The case of coca-cola plant in Perumatti in the southern state of Kerala in India was used as a case study Not only is PepsiCo the worlds largest beverage company, but in 200 nations ( with consumers enjoying an average of 1.6 billion servings a day), sells about 500 sparkling brands, including 4 of the top sellers (coca- cola, diet coke, sprite and fanta), sparkling beverages, juices, and ready to drink teas among others. In this assignment we focused on the activities regarding the external factors which affect the PepsiCo, needs and expectations of stakeholders of PepsiCo, major changes taking place in the external environment in PepsiCo, modeling tools develop strategic options, basis of future PepsiCo strategy, comparative understanding of competitor activity from others. External factors affecting to the PepsiCo. PEST analysis is concerned with the key external environmental influences on a business. POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws New opportunities in other countries Replenishing water Operates in almost all the countries Land acquisition for new factories Fuel price Replenishing water Introduction of cans and plastic Bottles Govt. focusing on stricter water pollution norms Availability of labor Partnership with farmers Newer and attractive Designs Raw Material prices A great worry. Have a global economic perspective Solid waste management program State-of-the-Art plants Needs and expectations of stakeholders of PepsiCo Consumers PepsiCo are proud to offer PepsiCo consumers a wide range of products that deliver great taste, nutritional value, convenience and affordability. PepsiCo are committed to playing a responsible role in health and PepsiCo are finding innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging, and to better serve consumer wants and needs through new products and packaging And PepsiCo work relentlessly to improve productivity so PepsiCo can offer affordable products to a broad range of consumers. Consumer Privacy Consumer privacy is important to PepsiCo, and PepsiCo make every effort to make sure consumers are provided with PepsiCo policies, terms and conditions. PepsiCo business divisions and many markets maintain corporate and brand PepsiCo sites, fully accessible to all interested parties. Communities PepsiCo support PepsiCo communities through PepsiCo businesses by contributing to not-for-profit groups and by working with organizations dedicated to improving the lives of people. PepsiCo have advisory groups that focus on health and issues of concern to the African American, Asian and Latino/Hispanic communities, among others. Investors PepsiCo strive to provide investors with a reasonable return on their investment, based on consistent financial growth in the marketplace and consistent financial results. PepsiCo take a long-term view and make appropriate investments to strengthen PepsiCo brands, develop PepsiCo capabilities and pursue new opportunities. Partners PepsiCo did not control these bottlers, PepsiCo did not consolidate their results. Instead, PepsiCo included PepsiCo share of their net income based on PepsiCo percentage of economic ownership in PepsiCo income statement as bottling equity income. Suppliers PepsiCo suppliers provide us with the goods and services needed in PepsiCo business. PepsiCo buy goods and services at competitive prices with the goal of allowing both PepsiCo suppliers and PepsiCo to make a reasonable profit. Major changes affect strategy. PepsiCo intend to continue to focus our efforts on, among other initiatives, the following. These changes of the external factors changes the Strategy of PepsiCo PepsiCo Company to develop a business model to continue exploring and participating in new lines of beverages, extending existing product lines and effectively advertising and marketing our products; implementing selective packaging strategies designed to increase consumer demand for our products and to build a strong returnable base for the PepsiCo brand; replicating our best practices throughout the value chain; Adapting organizational and asset structure in order to be in a better position to respond to a changing competitive environment; to build a multi-cultural collaborative team, from top to bottom; and broadening our geographic footprint through organic growth and strategic acquisitions. SWOT analysis of PepsiCo SWOT Analysis of PepsiCo Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity Threat one of the most recognized brands of the world Low Productivity In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. International Expansion PepsiCo is in the midst of making a $1, 000 million investment in China, and a $500 million investment in India Decline in Carbonated Drink Sales Soft drink sales are projected to decline by as much as 2.7% by 2012, PepsiCos diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands Image Damage Due to Product Recall Growing Savory Snack and Bottled Water market in US PepsiCo is positioned well to capitalize on the growing bottle water market which is projected to be worth over $24 million by 2012. Intense Competition The Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCos primary competitors. But others include Nestlà ©, Groupe Danone and Kraft Foods. Intense competition may influence pricing, advertising, sales The company delivers its products directly from manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower that its competitors. Broadening of Product Base PepsiCo is seeking to address one of its potential weaknesses; dependency Potential Negative Impact of Government Regulations Develop a comparative understanding of competitor activity from other organizations in the market. pff2.jpg Create options to form the basis of future organizational strategy. The PepsiCo reaffirmed the underlying strength of its integrated food and beverage portfolio and concluded that PepsiCo offers the most compelling value to shareholders as one company. Significantly increase investments in its iconic brands and in bringing innovation to market. Advertising and marketing spending will increase by $500-$600 million in 2012, the majority in North America. Going forward, it expects to maintain or increase that rate of support as a percentage of revenues. To drive efficiencies, it will reduce the number of agency partners and also take steps to leverage the global scale of its top brand platforms. The brand investments are expected to drive top line growth and enable greater price realization; Implement a three-year productivity program that is expected to generate over $500 million in incremental cost savings in 2012, further incremental reductions in the cost base of about $500 million in 2013, and an additional $500 million in 2014. The productivity savings will span every aspect of the business: Improve its net return on invested capital by at least 50 basis points annually beginning in 2013 through increased focus on capital spending and working capital management. As an example, in 2012 we will be reducing capital expenditures by 10% versus 2011. The emphasis is on systematically improving the efficiency of the existing asset base; (Armstrong, 1986) Strategy plan that ensures stakeholders of an organization The newest campaign slogan, introduced this year, is More Happy, which definitely coincides with one concrete example of more in the packaging of Pepsi products today-more designs. Many more. At least 35 distinct design ideas will grace the packaging of Pepsis cans and bottles this year alone, and this design strategy may continue indefinitely Pepsi actually asked their loyal consumers what brand elements would have to remain so that they would be intuitively reassured that their favorite drinks were not changing and the brand they trusted was still essentially the same. Their answer was direct and consistent. Pepsi-lovers needed to see three elements for sure-the Pepsi globe, the iconic Pepsi blue, and the familiar tilted Pepsi capital letters. Television ad campaigns are reinforcing the globe-centric approach by featuring a boulder-sized Pepsi globe in various settings careening to and fro like a pinball. In the ads and on the front of most of the new packages is the reassuring tag line: Same Pepsi inside, new look outside. Miller explains that it is customary and important to reassure consumers for at least six months in situations like this. (Renger, (2002). ) Create options for a strategy plan Hopefully you and your team will come up with several options or solutions to fix the problem you are working on. In evaluating these options or potential solutions, I have found the following criteria to be beneficial: Effectiveness: How likely is it that this solution will get me to the desired situation? Feasibility: How realistic is this solution? How likely is it that this solution can be implemented effectively? Time: How long will it take to implement this solution? How long will it take to get the desired results? Cost: How much will it cost, in money or other resources, to implement this solution? Human resources: How many people will need to be involved to implement this solution? Difficulty or ease of implementation: Overall, how easy or difficult will it be to implement this solution? Risk: How much is at risk in implementing this solution? (Armstrong S. , 1985) Strategy plan ensuring the resource implications. Intensive growth (Identifying the opportunities to achieve further growth within the current business) Product -market expansion grid is useful framework for detecting new intensive growth opportunities. (Conley, 1992, April.) Market penetration strategy (The Company first considers whether it could gain more market share with its current products in the current markets): Headquartered in Purchase, New York, with Research and Development Headquarters in Valhalla. A third force was the perceived synergy between salty snacks and soft drinks. As Kendall succinctly related to Forbes in 1968, Potato chips make you thirsty; Pepsi satisfies thirst. The plan was to jointly market PepsiCos snacks and soft drinks, thereby giving Pepsi a potential advantage in its ongoing battle with Coke. Expand the Global Leadership Position of Our Snacks Business. PepsiCo is the global snacks leader, with the No. 1 savory category share position in virtually every key region across the globe. Ensure Sustainable, Profitable Growth in Global Beverages. When combined with the actions we are taking to refresh their brands across the entire beverage category, they believe this game-changing transaction will enable them to accelerate their top-line growth and also improve their profitability. Unleash the Power of Power of One. The combination of snacks and beverages-with our high-demand global and local brands-makes PepsiCo an essential partner for large-format as well as small-format retailers. Mission, Vision, Objectives of PepsiCo Mission Mission is to be the worlds premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. PepsiCo seek to produce financial rewards to investors as they provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which they operate. And in everything do, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. Our Vision PepsiCos responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which they operate environment, social, economic creating a better tomorrow than today. Vision is put into action through programs and a focus on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society, and a commitment to build shareholder value by making PepsiCo a truly sustainable company. Objectives At PepsiCo, theyre committed to achieving business and financial success while leaving a positive imprint on society delivering what they call Performance with Purpose. PepsiCo approach to superior financial performance is straightforward drive shareholder value. By addressing social and environmental issues, they also deliver on our purpose agenda, which consists of human, environmental, and talent sustainability. PepsiCos Future management objectives As a global food and beverage company with brands that stand for quality and are respected household names-Pepsi-Cola, Lays, Quaker Oats, Tropicana and Gatorade, to name a few-PepsiCo will continue to build a portfolio of enjoyable and wholesome foods and beverages; find innovative ways to reduce the use of energy, water and packaging; and provide a great workplace for our associates. The Companys operating management structure consists of five geographic groups plus the Minute Maid Company. Name of the group Country/Region The North American Group USA and Canada. The Latin America Group Central and South America The Greater Europe Group Greenland to Russias Far East. The Africa and Middle East Group Middle East and the Africa continent. The Asia Pacific Group From India through the Pacific region . Values and culture of PepsiCo PepsiCos mission is to continue to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. They endeavor to produce financial rewards to investors while providing opportunities for growth and enrichment to their employees, their business partners and the communities in which they operate. In everything the company does, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. PepsiCos mission for 2008 was Performance with Purpose which the CEO of PepsiCo Indra K. Nooyi elaborates on when she says this mission combines the two things that define what we do-growing the business, and acting as ethical and responsible citizens of the world The companys values philosophy are centered on being a socially and environmentally responsible company. Therefore every policy it formulates and decision it makes is based on the following guiding principles: * Care for customers, consumers and the world they live in. * Sell only products that they can be proud of.  · Speak with truth and candor. * Balance short term and long term. * Win with diversity and inclusion. * Respect others and succeed together. Evaluation of a strategy plan The introduction stages starts when products lunched in this period sales will be very slow, must of the organization faced negative profit and high cost. There are some stages where organization has to face high risk in innovation of new product. When the coca-cola company launched power the stages are: where high risk product development stage Introduction stage Growth stage After passing these stages product will be in maturity stage where organization make more profit and try to stay in this stage after this stage is decline stage which is also risk and here need to some force/change to stay in maturity stage. (Conley, 1993, April) The action plan, basically developing a very detailed list of to do thing where PepsiCo included task, time and budget or cost framework with relating marketing mix the coca-cola company in estimate the budget and talks in marketing about activities. Implementation of strategy plan Step One: Goal Setting This first step is a bit obvious. PepsiCo have a goal in mind. And PepsiCo see at earlier Coca cola made its goal at early of the year. Step Two: Research Start talking about goal and research what it will take to fulfill it. Step Three: Weigh Options Theres almost never just one way to do something. PepsiCo depend RD in here. Step Four: Direction Now that PepsiCo have a goal, knowledge of that goal, and options towards obtaining it, theyre now ready to decide the best course of action. Step Five: Begin Analysis Current situation Goals Target Customer Key Services Communication Strategy Evaluation Has this type of communications activity taken place before? If so, what was the result? Are PepsiCo seeking to provide new information? PepsiCo target the Customer with the market segmentation. Motivate the customer Fit with the resources PepsiCo already have. can learn how plan worked with various Customer, What are your major communications opportunities? Are PepsiCo calling the audience to action? PepsiCo focus on the Customer Keep in mind that consumer PepsiCos best assets. are the most effective communications vehicles to reach target Customer which activities had the most impact Define your communications challenge Are PepsiCo seeking to change behavior? PepsiCo develop strategy to implement this quickly. What are the Customer knowledge regarding PepsiCo. Helps to achieve goals and deliver the outcomes you wan which parts of the plan failed Many people fail at this step. It can be relatively easy to make a plan up to this point. But, heres where its time to put in the work. Step Six: Adapting The most successful people in the world are those that can adapt to current situations. Sometimes opportunities will open up and youll need to revise your plan to take advantage of them. Communications plan in a tabular format to support the roll out of the plan Monitoring and Evaluation system of PepsiCo Scenario Planning: Scenarios are realistic descriptions of the organizations possible futures that allow the scenario team to set aside its individual and organizational assumptions about how the external environment will operate and explore new ones PepsiCo is constantly aware of the link between its strategy and the changing future, thus, itself for the ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦then probable future. This is exemplified it its mission statement, thus: Benchmarking is the comparison of performance in one organization or part of an organization against that in another, with a view to finding ways of improving performance. This avails the company the opportunity to take corrective measures actions. Experience to Strategy Plan A business strategist can be regarded as the leader of an expedition to find the highest elevations on a companys fitness landscape. Fog prevents the hikers from seeing more than a few feet in front of themselves. What can be done when things look so hazy? Biologists have identified key rules that evolution uses to find high peaks. Managers too can use them. The first rule is that evolutionary searches never stop. No matter how successful a strategy is at a given moment, a business must experiment constantly to find something better. Another key principle is parallelism. The entire expedition should not explore the same region. Instead, many search parties should spread out from the base camp to explore the shifting terrain and bring back news of discoveries. (Cook, 1988) Effective strategy formulation is about Building collective intuition Encouraging healthy conflict Maintaining a pace so that decisions are taken within a stipulated time Defusing political behavior. Conclusion This strategic plan articulates for the PepsiCo community and for our constituents an understanding of who we are, what we do, and the values by which we define ourselves. It articulates as well our ambitious aspiration, five key goals we believe we must meet in order to achieve that aspiration, and an assessment of where the PepsiCo stands today as we rededicate ourselves to these shared objectives. The plan does not reflect everything that the PepsiCo hopes to do over the next five years; nor does it represent an irrevocably fixed set of directives, since the planning process must be dynamic and adaptable. It will, however, serve-at the PepsiCo level and also at the collegiate, departmental, and unit levels, where so many of the important decisions of the PepsiCo are made-as the framework according to which we will make difficult decisions, focus our resources, and thereby advance the PepsiCos distinction as a leader in higher education. Company or any of its Subsidiaries or any license, franchise, permit, certificate, approval or other similar authorization affecting, or relating in any way to, the assets or business of the Company and its Subsidiaries or (d) result in the creation or imposition of any Lien on any asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, with only such exceptions, in the case of each of clauses (b) through (d), as would not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect on the Company or prevent or materially impede, interfere with, hinder or delay the consummation of the Merger

How Genders Are Represented In Video Games Media Essay

How Genders Are Represented In Video Games Media Essay This paper will discuss how genders are represented as well as perceived in todays video games. With reforming feminist and equality groups attacking every outlet of mainstream news, video games have now become the new mass media that remains the only real form of entertainment that truly represents modern day views and beliefs. Recent games have shifted the trend from the macho stereotypic male hero protagonist to a more feminine female protagonist with great success, judging by recent Portal 2 sales in which the main protagonist was a female. This also remains true with antagonists as well. Gender can be used either in a subversive or sexist way. Females are often objectified predominantly by using powerful visual dynamics. This includes their mannerisms, roles in games but most often, the clothes they wear. Sexism has often been a talking point from as early as the 90s. In Ann Cudd and Leslie Jones paper Sexism,  sexism is define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a systematic, pervasive, but often subtle, force that maintains the oppression of women, and that this is at work through institutional structures in interpersonal interactions and the attitudes that are expressed in them, and in the cognitive, linguistic, and emotional processes of individual mindsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ our very experience of the world (105-6). Censorship also plays are significant role on how genders are represented in video games. This greatly relates to nudity and sexual references. This could be seen as a positive as this forces game developers/publishers to think harder on the necessity that sex plays in their games. Is it really necessary and/or practical to have females represented as whores? Why should they be represented like this? Why are males represented so differently to females? You dont see many games representing males as whores. This is a good way of nailing developers into thinking harder about the characters, plot and settings. In the end, it comes down to how profitable a game can be and games do have to be tailored in order to be released in certain countries. One could argue that this damages video games as they have to be watered down potentially harming the games story, but does it really? Considering that many games portray females as sex objects and have no place in todays society, I tend to agree. As adults, we do have the right to choose what we want to look at but we also have the moral responsibility to do what is right, and this should remain true in video games. The games that will be looked at in this paper are: The Witcher, Dragon Age 2, Portal 2, Bulletstorm; and Hydrophobia: Prophecy. This will compare and contrast two game titles of similar nature in which gender representation in both games will be thoroughly examined. Game 1: The Witcher The Witcher is a role playing game delevoped by CD Projeckt RED STUDIO and was released as a PC exclusive in 2007. The game is based on a series of books by the same name by Polish author Andrzej Sapkowski. The game is based on a mediaeval fantasy world of Temeria  and tells the story Geralt of Rivia, a Witcher who was at some point killed or at the very least, near death but was later revived by his fellow witchers at their stronghold Kaer Morhen. Unfortunately, he loses his memory in the process. The player gains control of Geralt and lead him through a non-linear story in which the player makes moral choices that affect the overall outcome of the game. The game was censored at release in North America, Australia and the United Kingdom. This was later resolved through a patch known as the Enhanced Edition that failed to determine the users location (source), as well as improving on gameplay, graphics, loading times among other things. The main reason that this game was censored was how the game depicted women as well as receiving sex as a reward. Players were also rewarded what became to be known as sex cards, which depicted the women that you as Geralt slept with. There were also some modifications to the dialogue for what was said to be distasteful, for example, a scene where Geralt barges into a ladies house, Where the hell do you think youre going with all the dung on your boots?! Out with you! This was cut into Who are you? Get out! in the censored versions. One of the games focal aspects, apart from the immersive atmospheric world, story and gameplay, was on Geralts relationship with women. Witchers are generally perceived to be great sex machines but without the fantastic stereotypical looks (source). A good way to sum Geralt up is that hes an outsider, often referred to as a mutant in the game world and has many similarities, in terms of looks, to an albino. Relationships/sex does play an integral part of the game. Geralts choices in who he has relationships with, greatly affects the outcome, not only at the end but throughout the entire game. Women do have a dominant role in this game and this is evident with characters such as Shani, Abigail and Triss Merigold. All three are strong women and although highly sexualised, they do play a significant role in the game. Geralts relationships with all three, one as friends and the other two sexually, determines on how the game progresses in terms with the story. Prostitutes also play a significant role as the player can gain valuable information by both helping them on side quests and/or sleeping with them. A good example of this is Carmen, the madame at one of the brothels. She asks for your help on helping find a cure for a werewolf she loves in which you could either kill or save. At the end, you learn of the story on why she became a prostitute. A lady shunned by her father because she was raped and impregnated by the city guards. The game also implies, through dialogue, that she may have also been sexually abused by her father. What this shows is that the team at CD Projeckt put a lot of thought and meaning into the roles that gender plays in this game. While other games such as Grand Theft Auto put very little thought and reason into its ok to over sexualise women with rape, bashing and murder, The Witcher is one those few games that stands out in terms of both character and story development. It shows that in comparison to other games, women are strong, fierce and independent, and are able to stand up for their beliefs, ideas and ideologies. Game 2: Dragon Age 2 Dragon Age 2 follows the adventure of Hawke, a refugee from the nation of Ferelden who has fled to Kirkwall. The game itself is a series of flashbacks from the captured dwarve Varric, an old companion of Hawkes. The game was released on PC and Xbox 360 in 2011 by EA but developed in-house by Bioware. As with all traditional Bioware games, it features rich dialog, expansive worlds, deep meaningful storyline as well as strong willed women. In fact, Bioware put a lot of thought and emphasis in the roles women play in this games (as well as their other games) universe. Five of your companions in Dragon Age 2 are female. Females are represented to be strong, decisive, intellectual, cunning and possibly evil, and do play a significant role in the outcome of the game. At the beginning Dragon Age 2, Varric exaggerates and describes Hawkes companions with overly large bosoms which raises the question, why did the game developers choose to do this? This could be seen as a way of enticing male players (as well as females) into the game by over sexualising women in this fashion. It is a good marketing ploy by Bioware as it engages players, particularly males, to progress through the game. The game also introduces many relationships that the player may choose to pursue. It does contribute to the story in some way but it fails to play a significant part. Rather, players can choose to remain friends with their female companions instead of actively sleeping with them; it does not affect the progress of the game. Compared to the original, sex scenes are dumbed down. This is due to several reasons, specifically censorship. Many would say, judging by the complaints on user review site Metacritic, that this potentially damaged the game by ruining parts of the story where sex does play a role. Taking out true romanticising made the game seem unrealistic and gave the appearance that adding female companions did seem as an afterthought by the game developers. Are we to believe that there were no sexual tensions between Hawke and his female companions? Compared to The Witcher, getting interment with your female companions was a simple task of building your friendship bar by agreeing with your companions rather than taking decisive decisions, handing over gifts and teasing/flirting with them. The Witcher made romance seem an integral part of the game whereas Dragon Age 2 fails on this, adding romance seem as an afterthought and having no real consequences. Yes, females did play an overly important ro le in Dragon Age 2 but the romancing seemed unnecessary and could have been left out as it plays very little, if any, part of the story. Game 3: Portal 2 Perhaps one of the better titles to be released by Valve, its a highly entertaining emotional rollercoaster ride, one that will give you high hopes and later crush them. Portal 2 features a fantastic, engaging, hilarious plot (and soundtrack) with many twists and turns. Ironically, this game forces you to think with portals as many levels will leave you shaking your head is disbelief when a puzzle that should theoretically only take 5 minutes takes you more than 15. It certainly leaves a satisfying feeling when completing a complex puzzle.  Released in 2011, this game stands out from the usual crowd. Featuring a female protagonist by the name of Chell and a few helpful (or not so helpful) robot companions, GLaDOS and Wheatley, you attempt to transverse yourself out of the Aperture Science lab testing facility. Chell is portrayed as a strong willed and intelligent woman. The game steers away from hypersexualising Chell by avoiding somewhat traditional Lara Croft style clothing i.e. skintight latex, overly short shorts and/or a tight hugging bikini. Instead, Chell is represented wearing a plain orange jump suit which is an unobtrusive representation of the female protagonist. Most players progress through the game unaware that they are assuming the role of a female. Players only catch a glimpse of Chell when looking through portals as well as other reflective materials such water and glass. Both GLaDOS and Wheatley are treated in a similar fashion where gender plays very little significance, mainly because they are bots although this does change in the latter part of the game. We can differentiate between the two by both voices and attitudes, but not by outside looks. The writers at Valve provide a very interesting balance of power between the three characters. Choosing to represent female conflict by using emotional forms of abuse whilst avoiding any form of physical contact remains true with the stereotypes about women; they are cunning creatures. While in the latter half of the game, Valve took a feministic approach totally changing the dynamics of the game in which both Chell and GLaDOS form a working relationship and team against the common enemy, Wheatley. Wheatley is the only male character in the game. He transforms GLaDOS into a potato and attempts to murder Chell. This portrays both control and dominance that can be seen as subjectify women, either in reality or in the virtual world. From a feminist point of view, this form of behaviour is exactly what makes women put aside their differences (something which males cant do) and team up against the common enemy, proving once and for all that women are the stronger of the two sexes. Chell and GLaDOS are the two perfect examples of the two sides of femininity; Chell the domestic icon whereas GLaDOs represents the progressive, intelligent working woman. By killing GLaDOS, Chell can be seen as the dutiful safe woman conquering the dangerous feminist (http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/218960/portal-s-glados-as-feminist-icon/) Game 4: Bulletstorm This is easily one of the most fun games Ive played in quite some time. The gameplay is just absolute effin amazing fun! Coupled with an engaging storyline and a hilarious script, this game is definitely a game that Ill be coming back to play just for pure entertainment. Although short, this game in no way becomes repetitive as your environment, enemies and weapons is ever changing. Get it for the singleplayer as multiplayer is completely consolised, meaning that, it uses a matchmaking system which takes forever to connect. The only positive I can take from it is that you can choose to play with friends. Its another game that Microsoft has again managed to ruin with their GFWL. Game 5: Hydrophobia: Prophecy Conclusion Sources http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/04/19/qa-with-portal-2-writers-erik-wolpaw-and-jay-pinkerton/ http://www.popmatters.com/pm/post/140585-her-name-is-caroline-naming-the-misbehaving-woman-in-portal-2/ http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/218960/portal-s-glados-as-feminist-icon/

How John Keats used Symbolism in his Ode to a Grecian Urn Essay

How John Keats used Symbolism in his â€Å"Ode to a Grecian Urn†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Keats was born in 1795 in Moorfields, England. He was the son of a stableman who married the owner’s daughter and eventually inherited the stable for himself. He was fourteen when his mother died of tuberculosis. Having been apprenticed to an apothecary at the age of fifteen, John felt the need to leave medical field to focus primarily poetry. Keats’s imagery ranges from all of our physical sensations: sight, touch, sound, taste, and sexuality. Keats is one of the most famous for his Odes. Traditionally, the ode is lengthy, serious in subject, elevated in its diction and style, and often elaborate in its stanza structure. â€Å"Symbolism seems the obvious term for the dominant style which followed nineteenth-century realism† (Wellek 251). According to an article found in Jstor journal, written by Vyacgeslav Ivanov, titled, Symbolism, â€Å"symbols are far from being an invention and convention of mankind, constitute in the universe, all pulsating with life, a primordial imprint in the very substance of things and, and it were, an occult language by means of which is achieved a preordained communion of innumerable kindred spirits, no matter how these spirits may differ in their individual modes of existence or whether they belong to different orders of creation† (Ivanov 29). Keats uses symbolism in â€Å"Ode to a Grecian Urn† to illustrate his love for ancient Greece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ode to a Grecian Urn’ was written by John Keats at some unknown date. â€Å"The Urn, as Keats described it, was a classical vase, decorated with a frieze of engraved figures in scenes from pastoral life. In reality it was more than any particular vase which he had seen on his museum excursions with Haydon or Severn. The Grecian Urn represented poetic vision, the timeless, enchanted world into which the artist’s imagination alone can enter,† as stated in Robert Gittings and Jo Manton’s book titled The Story of John Keats (Gittings and Manton, pg. 148). In this poem Keats wants to create a world of pure joy, but the world is of make believed of people living in a moment in time. In an article titled, â€Å"Thought is sacrificed to sensation in the poetry of John Keats,† author Iain Morrison states that â€Å"Existing in a frozen or suspended time, they cannot move or cha... ... to know.† The beauty lies in the urn. â€Å"What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth,† as stated by Catherine Owens Peare, author of a book titled John Keats a Portrait in Words. â€Å"John Keats’s â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† was both inevitable and incredible. It was inevitable that he should by now have struggled free of the sonnet with its fourteen-line prejudice to create this ten-line stanza and its two pairs of lines and two sets of triple rhymes, inevitable that in developing his own style he should have resolved his philosophic search at this his period of most superb creativity† (Peare, pg. 174). Douglas Wilson’s article in Jstor titled â€Å"Reading the Urn: Death in Keats’s Arcadia,† â€Å"Like Blake’s â€Å"Mental Traveler† and so many other Romantic poems, â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn† invites the reader into a landscape of consciousness. As S.T. Coleridge puts it, the primary function of the poetic work, like the visual language of painting, is â€Å"to instill energy into the mind, which compels the imagination to complete the picture. The ode’s speaker responding to an imaginary urn conjures up, as part of a mental dram, the underside of a vanished culture that created such urns† (Wilson 823).

Review of Hatchet by Gary Paulsen Essay -- Hatchet Gary Paulsen

Review of Hatchet by Gary Paulsen I read the book Hatchet by Gary Paulsen. The book was about a thirteen-year-old boy named Brian Robeson who was stranded in a plane crash. He was out in the Canadian wilderness trying to visit his dad. Brian is left with nothing but his clothing a tattered windbreaker, and the hatchet his mother had given him as a present. First as Brian and the pilot were flying to Brian father?s house the pilot was showing Brian how to fly the plane. ? Here, put your hands on the controls, your feet on the rudder pedals, and I?ll show you what I mean?(P. 4). During the flight the pilot seemed to be having trouble with pain in his arm and side. Little did he know that this was a sign of a major heart attack. ? And now a jolt took him like a hammer blow, so forcefully that he seemed to crush back into the seat, and Brian reached for him, could not understand at first what it was, could not know. And then knew? ( P.10). Brian was left all alone, to fly the plane by himself and he knew he didn?t have much of a chance to survive. Next the big problem was that the plane ran out of fuel and it took a slight dive. The plane went into a glide and continued to descend. He spotted a lake and steered towards the lake. He wasn?t a good pilot and ended up in the trees instead of the lake were he originally wanted to go. ?There were great wrenching as the wings caught the pines at the side of the clearing and broke back, ripping back just outs...

Virgin Corporate Strategy

VIRGIN’S GROUP CORPORATE STRATEGY DIVERSIFICATION 1. Introduction The Virgin Group is one of Britain’s biggest and successful empires in the 21st century. The company has successfully incorporated a great number of diverse industries under the Virgin brand. This includes travel, mobile, financial services, leisure, cosmetics, retail, and music businesses. Virgin has been able to dominate the British market and has therefore continued to rapidly expand into other regions such as the United States, Canada and Australia. The enterprise was founded by Sir Richard Branson in 1970 as a simple mail-order record retailer and has grown into one of the most prosperous business empires in the business world. To date, the Virgin Group has globalized and established in over 200 small to mid-sized firms, employing over 25,000 people. As a result, the company has exceeded over $7 billion in revenue in 2002. Each one of Virgin’s 200 firms operates as a single entity. Branson either holds ownership of a firm as CEO, or has a minority or majority stake. The Virgin Group does not hold a hierarchal presence within the empire, which allowed its various subsidiaries to operate in an autonomous manner. 2. Richard Branson: The strategic thinking As the creator of Virgin and a famous personality around the world, Richard Branson has created an entrepreneurial culture that is carried throughout the Virgin group of companies. His anti-corporation and anti-bureaucracy spirit resulted in a flat organizational structure with transparency and quick communication; his loyalty and care for friends let to an organization with great employee focus, and also attracted some of the best people to work for him for a moderate salary. Looking into his kind of strategic thinking, we can see that it is characterized by having a strong relationship with risk. His attitude towards risk is explorative, willing to take risks in order to enter into completely new businesses that the company knew nothing until now. In addition to this, their type of thinking, as an mage of their leader, is characterized by being intuitive, requiring no systematic risk analysis, based largely only in the rapid perception of alternative strategic intuition. This kind of thinkers are formerly known as entrepreneurs but in this situation combined with a strong social component as Sir Richard Branson often uses himself to convey the group’s message into the media or as a tool to promote the group’s brand. Is this kind of strategic thinking that explains the high level of unrelated diversification of the group that we are exploring in this report. 3. Organizational Analysis and Corporate Strategy Values The Virgin Group’s overall brand identity is built upon the founder Richard Branson’s philosophy which states that â€Å"if you keep your staff happy then the customer will be happy, and if you keep the customer happy then the shareholders are happy†, â€Å"shape the business around people†, â€Å"Build don’t buy†, â€Å"Be the best, not the biggest†, â€Å"Pioneer, don’t follow the leader† or â€Å"staff first, then customers and shareholders† are some the main guidelines of Richard Branson and we can see it as some of the company values. This underlying belief transcends into each one of Virgin’s subsidiaries and into each individual organizational culture. This is evident in the way in which members of the Virgin group interact with one another, as it is apparent that all members at Virgin agree strongly about certain beliefs, values, and assumptions, which are reinforced within the company. Virgin has continually retained a strong belief that it is their employees who: deliver brilliant customer service; give the company its personality, shape its culture, and innovate. They are viewed as Virgin’s greatest asset and as such, management believes that employees should be treated with respect. Management looks after their employees’ welfare and allows them the freedom to grow and be themselves. Virgin actively encourages personal expression, whether it is in their speech, creative and conceptual thinking, or dress code. It is these fundamental values and beliefs that have allowed Virgin to thrive in such a competitive environment, challenge new opportunities and excel in its markets, while still continuing to operate with integrity. As we know the core competencies of a company should meet three requirements: -Significant value creation for the clients Difficulty of imitation by competitors -Access to new markets As we look into Virgin we can see that each subsidiary shares a set of values that are continually strengthened: value for money, excellent quality products, brilliant customer service, innovation, competition and consistently having fun throughout the process. Virgin would only put its name to a project if it met four out of five criteria: it must be innov ative, challenge authority, offer value for money by being better than the competitors, be good quality, and the market must be growing. In such a large conglomerate empire as the Virgin Group, these broad set of fundamental beliefs continually work to strengthen the company’s brand as well as its culture. 3. Corporate Strategy formulation: Diversification Entering new markets using the brand Virgin is the strong asset of the group. Diversification is the name of this process in which Virgin leveraged his brand recognition as a form of growth strategy for the company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. There are two kind of reasons for which a company look for diversification: – Defensive reasons which may be spreading the risk of market contraction, or being forced to diversify when current product or current market orientation seems to provide no further opportunities for growth. – Offensive reasons may be getting into new positions, taking opportunities that offers greater profitability than expansion opportunities, or using retained cash that exceeds total expansion needs. Instead of focusing in increasing the main competencies of their initial core business Virgin focused in diversifying risk acquiring new skills, new techniques and new facilities hence through an offensive strategy. Therefore, they followed not the internal development of new products or markets or acquisition of new firms but alliance or joint ventures with a complementary company which could enable them to operate in a new and unrelated market based on a set of attributes and values rather than a market sector. It was about being the consumer's champion! We can all this type of strategy as Conglomerate diversification (or lateral diversification). The corporate strategy of the Virgin Group is to operate like a venture capital firm based on the Virgin brand. This strategy involves non-related diversification at the individual business unit level. By leveraging on the Virgin Brand which has established prominence in the minds of consumers, Virgin is able to enter new business areas s haking up existing orders. Branson’s has entered in a business after another in which he perceived a set of consumers that were being underserved by a complacent and dominant player. The unique Virgin culture also allows Virgin to execute its ventures very effectively which were inspired in the keiretsu system as Branson was a convicted fan of the Japanese approach to business and â€Å"their commitment to long-term development and focus on organic growth†. The similarities are in a sense that Virgin is a group of companies pretty much diversified which have formal links in management and financial and also share a common identity. The formal linkages between the companies are, as we saw in the case, the ownership, the brand and the management. In order to protect the brand Virgin and Branson’s name the group is keeping some companies that are running with losses. Speaking in financials they are selling some of the most profitable companies as Virgin Records to finance the new start-ups. This is due to the fact that they identify a company operating in a segment which is clearly moving toward maturity to decline and instead of keeping it they sell moving to a new and growing market through diversification. The Virgin Group covers a wide range of industries-from Travel and Tourism (Limousines, Vacations, etc. , Leisure and Pleasure (Spa, Games, etc. ), Social and Environment (Green Fund, Virgin Earth), Beverages (wines and soft drinks), Media and Telecommunications (Radio, Broadband, Mobile, etc), Books, Clothing, Finance and Money, and Health (Health Bank, Life Care). But despite its diversification in terms of industries and products, it never diversified its brand names. All of its services and products in every in dustry have the name Virgin affixed to it. Virgin is a strong but universal brand name; so universal that many analysts believe the group should franchise to others unrelated companies. The Virgin brand made it possible to overcome barriers to entry in various industries and sectors and has been the group’s most important asset, together with Richard Branson. 4. Virgin Cola: Overview of Strategy Formulation Virgin Cola was created up during the early 1990s in a joint venture with Cott, a Canadian company that specializes in bottling own-label drinks for the UK market. Cott was looking for a major international brand that could have global appeal. That’s when Richard Branson attempted to extend the Virgin franchise into the cola market. Using the brand pattern in the Virgin Group’s diversification strategy, Branson claimed to fight the incumbents, Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola in alliance with an organization with core competencies in this area. Within a few months of its release, Virgin Cola had a 50% market share in the outlets that sold it. As Virgin stands for value of money, quality, innovation, fun and a sense of competitive challenge they focus in the brand awareness to create the differentiation from the main competitors. Cross-promotion has been Branson's main weapon, serving Virgin Cola on Virgin Atlantic flights and (until they closed down) at Virgin Cinemas. In fact, we can see that this pattern was repeated successively in each new diversification, in each one was followed by expansions of the products markets, based either on new strategic alliances or within internal development and Virgin Cola followed the trend and also increased the portfolio and created new products (flavor expansions). The strong brand positioning and the innovative character were the key issues in the product differentiation options which can be can be explained due to the client’s linkage with the High risk perception associated with the product’s potential malfunction and the client’s low level of confidence in the choice of the product. We can also observe several stages of internationalization to countries where there was an Anglo-Saxon matrix, in this case France, Belgium, South Africa and later on the US. We can also see that there are still some actions regarding vertical integration, but more with a commercial purpose rather than operational. So far it has failed to overtake Pepsi in the UK as Richard Branson claimed it would, and unlike Pepsi or Coke it's relatively hard to find cans of Virgin Cola on sale anywhere as they have a weakness in distribution channels.

Accounting Ethics Essay

1. addicted the corporate honorable breaches in youthful times, assess whether or not you weigh that the current business and regulatory environs is more conducive to ethical conduct. leave behind support for your answer.With the historical amount of burlesque that has formn place over the demise few decades, there had to be a stop of some sort to this attribute of unethical behavior. Through our class lectures, discussions, and readings, I have learned about the changes make to the business of write up to discover that the fiscal documentation occurred in an honest and sea captain manner. I would say that I am a believer that the current textile for accountants is realizeing and does lead to more ethical behavior. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was a key milepost in ensuring the appropriate recording of pecuniary development takes place.The SOX framework can ensure reliable and execute financial information collectable to the strict requirements set in place. Manag ement (as a matter of SOX) has to take a much more bustling role in their write up and patch up that all financial information is aware and correctly gathered. As a result of numerous scandals, SOX has made the penalties for fraudulent body process more severe, working to the benefit of account professionals since there can be roguish influence placed upon them from the companies or corporations they work for. Additionally, the change to the image that has been placed upon accountants due to the scandals that took place has drastically improved. The act helped to take a crap trust in both investors and managers that would differently be nervous that dishonest accounting would take place.See more mixer Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay sure sections of the act helped to solidify my support of the regulatory environment and the effect on the behavior in accounting. According to the American bring in of CPAs, element 302 lays the groundwork to honest account ing, by creating a set of procedures to ensure complete and consummate financial disclosure. The internal wangle of periodic reports must be evaluated any 90 days, which in itself helps to keep these proceedings honest since there is a well-timed(a) evaluation involved. Section 401 required the appropriate disclosure of all off-balance sheet items and a study from the indorsement to understand these tools. Lastly, Section 404 required internal control reports from management. This helped hugely to ensure that all information is accurate and up to date, though the process of this function of the legislation was high in feat to control.2. Based on your research, describe the shaping, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach.I exit continue to build upon the example that I found interesting in our turn week of class. The American Insurance gathering scandal of 2005 was a famous amends corporation, alleged to have $3.9 bil lion dollars in accounting fraud, as well as stock manipulation of their prices and bid rigging. The chief operating officer booked loans and listed them as revenue, while jumper cable their clientele to insurers that were in quiet traffic with AIG through payoffs. He also tilted off the traders to inflate their stock prices.3. catch how the organizational ethical issue was spy and how management failed to create an ethical environment.The south discovered the scandal through investigation, and the chief operating officer was fired, though he did not sheath any criminal charges. AIG settled with the SEC for close to two billion dollars amidst 2003 and 2006. Outside verification of their financials would have prevented this lesson from occurring.

Womens rights

History of wo lastforces sort forth-hand(a)s See likewise Legal obligations of wo workforce in history and Timeline of wowork forces rights (other than voting) china The term of wo hands In mainland chinaw be was low, much(prenominal) often than non due to the custom of foot binding. round 45% of Chinese wo hands had bound feet in the nineteenth century. For the upper classes, it was al almost coke%. In 1912, the Chinese g overn custodyt tell the cessation of foot-binding. Foot-binding Involved alteration of the uprise structure so that the feet were exclusively around 4 inches tenacious.The bound feet caused difficulty of come to workforcet, and and so greatly limiting the activities of women. Due to the cordial custom that men and omen should non be near to whizz a nonher(prenominal), the women of chinaware were reluctant to be treated by ph furtheric doctors of Hesperian Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for fe staminate doctors of westbo und Medicine in China. Thus, fe young-begetting(prenominal) checkup examination exam missionary Dr. bloody shame H. Fulton (1854-1927)3 was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA) to effect the startle medical college for women in China.Kn testify as the Hackett Medical College for Women this College was located In Guangzhou, China, and was enab guide by a large donation from Mr. Edward A. K. Hackett (1851-1916) of Indiana, USA. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the height of Chinese womens affable Greece The precondition of women in antediluvian patriarch Greece varied variate metropolis state to urban c don state. Records exist of women in antediluvian patriarch Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and S wear step to the forea geting land, the most prestigious work erupt of private dimension at the tlme. 8 In ancient A then(prenominal)s. omen had no ratified personhood and were assumed to be co mmence of the oikos headed by the male kyrios. Until trade union, women were nether the guardianship of their bugger off or other male relative. erst piece of music married the hus ejectd became a cleaning cleaning ladys kyrlos. As omen were barred from conducting juristic proceedings, the kyrios would do so on their behalf. 9 Athenian women had exclusional right to space and in that locationfore were not considered full citizens, as citizenship and the entitlement to cultivated and semi semi semipolitical rights was defined in relation to quality and the means to life. 10 How for perpetu every last(predicate)y, women could acquire rights over airscrew through gifts, helping and inheritance, though her kyrios had the right to dispose of a charrs space11 Athenian women could immortalise into a contract worth slight than the value of a medimnos of barley (a measure of grain), t let break through ensembleowing women to draft in petty trading. 9 Slaves, like women, were not eligible for full citizenship In ancient Athens, though In r be tidy sum they could become citizens if pardond. The hand overd permanent barricade to citizenship, and hence full political and civilised rights, in ancient Athens was sex.No women ever acquired citizenship In ancient Athens, and therefore women were excluded In principle and form from ancient Athenian democracy. 12 By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a stance, politics agency, and view that was un cognize in the rest of the Graeco-roman type world. Although Spartan women were form scarcely wheny excluded from military and political life they njoyed considerable view as produces of Spartan warriors. As men busy in military activity, women took responsibility for streamlet estates. Following protracted and 40% of tot wholey Spartan land and By the Hellenic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women.The unique thing rough Patria Potestas was that it ad no age limits, correspond to Gai us a man could be consul, check a wife and children of his have got and approaching prominence moreover as gigantic as his amaze was alive was so far at a lower place his potestas ( append) and so could induce nothing. Patria Potestas all finish with either the death of the tiro, or emancipation by him. Early in the res human racea adult maleus pairing terminate the potestas for women, just now during the middle and latishr body politic that form of unification became rargon, tear downtually disappearance completely. wedding party Under Law capital of Italy had whole two forms of coupling, and some(prenominal) had exactly the b wish eye view of legal effects. humanityus Marriage was the earlier form of wedding party and set(p) the char under her husbands manus virtuefully standing in the position of a daughter. Under this type of marriage women could own nothing, and had little if any legal protections. On the other hand a woman assumed the position of her husbands daughter in Manus Marriage making her agnatically quite of cognatically re modernd to Manus, and was the glacial of Manus.Women married sinfulness Manu experienced no legal changes, so if her vex was alive at period of marriage she continued to be his parasitical and before the reign of Marcus Aurelius he could withal force an end to he marriage. The need of any legal change of status for the women meant that (provided their father had either died or change state them) they could own airplane propeller, conduct most forms of business, and carve up her husband (without any reason needed). integrityfully speaking the lone(prenominal) lack of emancipation a woman in capital of Italy experienced in a marriage without Manus was from her father.The and legal come related to marriage was destiny. A lot was not required by law, but was usually provided by a father or if a father was free it would be whatever the bride wished to come out of her own estat e. It was ad take careed by the husband, but in the vent of a dissever he was required to provide either the dower or the equivalent of it back to his wife. In the case of adultery, husbands got to keep portions of the dower. Politics lawfully speaking women were banned from politics.As with freedmen and slaves of the Imperial Family women of the over-embellished family gained some benefits from the fall of the Re national, but because the character of the Principate was to hide dictatorship such power had to be subtle and kept out of the public eye when possible. The ban on women and politics was they could not vote or run for office (sine suffragio) enlist n the army, or represent somebody else in court, women speaking their minds was not considered politics and so some women like Hortensia purport atd to shake off appearances in politics without violating the law.Inheritance Rights Everyone under the potestas of other had compeer rights of inheritance under papistic L aw, and go aways that did otherwise ran risks of existence challenged and invalidated as negligent. Stoic Influence Stoic philosophies had a strong effect on the reading of law in ancient Rome. The roman print stoic thinkers Seneca and Musonius Rufus developed theories of Just elationships (not to be confused with jibeity in society, or even tallyity) arguing that disposition give backs men and women equalise capacity for virtue and equal obligations to act virtuously (a vague cin one casept).Therefore they argued that men and women soak up an equal need for philosophic reproduction. 20 Stoic theories entered papistical law first through the Roman lawyer and senator Marcus Tullius Cicero and the go of stoicism and philosophy change magnitude art object the status of women mitigated under the Empire. 21 spectral scriptures give-and-take See Women in the parole Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the breed of all the living. (Genesis 320) Now Deborah , a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was handing Israel at that metre. Oudges 44) God chose a woman, Deborah, to lead Israel.Quran The disinterest of this bind is disputed. Relevant discussion may be establish on the verbalise page. Please do not learn this message until the dispute is resolved. feminism, and Sex segregation and Islam The Quran, revealed to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, provide guidance to the Islamic community and modify existing customs in Arab society. From 610 and 661, cognize as the early reforms under Islam, the Quran introduced sound reforms to customary law and ntroduced rights for women in marriage, dissever and inheritance.By providing that the wife, not her family, would receive a circumstances from the husband, which she could ad take care as her personalised property, the Quran take aim women a legal party to the marriage contract. citation needed While in customary law inheritance was especial(a) to male descendents, the Q uran introduced rules on inheritance with certain fixed sh atomic number 18s beingness distributed to designated heirs, first to the nearest female relatives and then the nearest male relatives. 22 According to Annemarie Schimmel compared to he pre-lslamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an coarse progress the woman has the right, at least(prenominal) harmonise to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work. 23 The general reformment of the status of Arab women include prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing womens full personhood. 24 Women were by and large stipulation greater rights than women in pre-lslamic Arabia2526 and chivalric Europe. 27 Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures until centuries later. 28 According to professor William Montgomery Watt, when seen in uch historical context, Muhammad stop be seen as a fgure who testified on behalf of womens r ights. 29 The Middle Ages According to English parkland Law, which developed from the 12th century onward, all property which a wife held at the eon of a marriage became a possession of her husband. Eventually English courts forbade a husbands transferring property without the consent of his wife, but he soothe retained the right to practice it and to receive the money which it produced.French married women run acrossed from re stiffions on their legal capacity which were removed alone in 1965. 30 In the 16th entury, the renewal in Europe allowed more women to extend their voices, including the English salvagers Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, and the prophetess Anna Trapnell. English and Ameri target Quakers believed that men and women were equal. Many Quaker women were preachers. 31 Despite comparatively greater immunity for Anglo-Saxon women, until the mid-19th century, spellrs more often than not assumed that a patriarchal say was a natural beau monde that had invariabl y existed. 32 This perception was not seriously challenged until the eighteenth century when Jesuit missionaries found matrilineality in native North Ameri cornerstone peoples. 33 eighteenth and 19th century Europe The deb (1807) by Henry Fuseli The woman, victim of male kindly conventions, is tied to the wall, do to tailor and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects bloody shame Wolls footmarkcrafts views in A confession of the Rights of charr, create in 1792. 34 Starting in the late eighteenth century, and throughout the 19th century, rights, as a concept and claim, gained increasing political, friendly and philosophical importance in Europe.Movements emerged which demanded freedom of religion, the abolition of slavery, rights for women, rights for those who did not own property and universal to political debates in both(prenominal) France and Britain. At the time some of the superlative thinkers of the Enlightenment, who defended democratic principles of equality an d challenged notions that a inside(a) few should rule over the abundant majority of the population, believed that these principles should be applied only to their own sex and their own race.The philosopher blue jean Jacques Rousseau for example thought that it was the order of disposition for woman to obey men. He wrote Women do wrong to complain of the inequality of synthetic laws and claimed that when she tries to usurp our rights, she is our First page of the solving of the Rights of muliebrity and the effeminate Citizen In 1791 he French playwright and political militantic Olympe de Gouges produce the result of the Rights of Woman and the female Citizen,37 modelled on the firmness of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789.The contract bridge is ironic in formulation and exposes the chastening of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that This revolution lead only take effect when all women become fully aware of their woebeg one condition, and of the rights they digest lost in society. The resolution of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen ollows the seventeen holds of the solving of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been depict by Camille Naish as almost a parody f the original scroll. The first article of the solving of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that Men are born and keep on free and equal in rights. favorable bills may be based only on common utility. The first article of result of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied Woman is born free and lodges equal to man in rights. tender distinctions may only be based on common utility.De Gouges expands the sixth article of the resoluteness of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which declared the rights of citizens to take part in the formation of law, to Australian womens rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon A vatic female member foists her babys care on the House Speaker All citizens including women are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and bookings, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. De Gouges to a fault draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, heretofore denied equal rights. 8 Mary Wollstonecraft, a British writer and philosopher, published A defense team of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that it was the genteelness and upbringing of women that created limited expectations.Womens Rights everyplace the centuries, women amaze faced numerous difficulties in a male supremacist infested society who places gender as the main determining grammatical constituent of human capacity. Despite the rise of liberal, secularist ideologies that evince support for womens rights in the 08th and 19th centuries, the problem remains chronic as there remain social prejudices and blur convictions on the weaknesses an d shortcomings of women as members of society. . During the 50s, the media projected women as undignified citizens who do not founder the right to exercise free will.Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin remembrance Seventeen Magazine to seduce advise their readers round the role of women in a relationship. That the womans role was to interlace as partners and not rivals, enemies, and playthings, and that the relationship amidst women and men should create a heaven, a collection plate that should serve as a place of sanctuary and peace (Isserman & Kazin, 2000, 13). The mid-sixties proved, on the other hand, to be one of the biggest turning points of womens rights in the united States and across the world.Apart from the emergence of the sulfur wave of feminists, the Vietnam state of war provided opportunities for women to show their capabilities as members of the working class. The entrance of women to the realm of the paying(a) labor force were led by women who at the time were over the 40-year aged(prenominal) mark Despite such strange turn of events, women remained to be deemed as underrated minute of arc class citizens. Primarily, tradition norms strike that women should not be granted education and right to labor as their capabilities are not equal to those of their male counterparts.As a result, society failed to acknowledge the statistical proliferation of women in the labor sector because of traditional picture and practice. In doing so, society in any case failed to look at the fact that the entrance of women in the labor force meant that women as unacknowledged members of society have finally small the domestic ideal that women are say to show their supremacy as homemakers and hou orientives. For the African American woman however, the deprivation of rights were enveloped in the concepts of gender and ethnicity.While African-American women enjoyed the rights to having nonrecreational labor similar to those of their male counterpart s, they were eternally compared to color women (Isserman & Kazin, 2000, 26). And considering the rampant racial distinction during the 20th century, the comparisons between African-American women and Caucasian women implied negativity. Likewise, the right to purity for African American women was among the most alarming concerns as the recognised norm regarding women who take pleasure for brute activities were only ascribed to African American women.Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin (2000, 27) write that white American Writer Willie Morris was shock by the fact that a woman of his own skin tone does in truth enjoy sexual intercourse. Morris played more diss to injury as he denoted his personal thought that only Negro women industrious in the act of love with white males just for fun (Isserman & Kazin, 2000, 27). Womens rights over the years have been hindered by male supremacists who only believed in the capabilities of their own ego.However, it has as well as been appare nt that apart from gender, skin tone and other animal(prenominal) features are withal factors that hinder women from proliferating and being part of a prejudice-free society. But putting all the obstacles that gender rationalizes bring forth, such obstacles should not be the cause of disheartening but a beacon of hope that women would one twenty-four hours face a world free of blind prejudice and mind little conformity.Womens RightsWomen are increasingly under beset in sheepskin coatistan as far as womens rights are concerned. The Taliban overthrew the afghan organization in 1996, and ruled from 1996-2001, and during that time strict restrictions had been executed on women. Women and girls were not allowed to work or receive education. There was an exception to the rule if a woman was widowed, and had no other source of income, and then she could work. Women could not go outside, unless they were covered in a head to toe burqua, which is their traditional attire, and a male re lative had to accompany them.The burqua only has a small mesh rise over the eyes allowing limited vision, and many an(prenominal) of the women had been injured due to poor visibility. If a woman showed a bit of her ankle or had noisy shoes, she would be beaten. In addition, women had no voice, so they are were not allowed to speak in public. From puberty until death, women could only speak to men who were relatives. Once The War on Terrorism began, it gave the Afghan and Iraki women hope to reform their nation and improve the social situation.The Taliban were chased from the country by U. S. military forces in 2001, and there have been some improvements in womens rights concerning education and employment although many calm down suffer the hardships they did before the war. Most improvements have happened in major cites of Afghanistan such as Kabul, leaving rural areas with very much change at all. The police still do the wearing of the burqua by the women, but in Kabul, many professional women no longitudinal wear the burqua, but many still do. According to a July 2003 Human Rights reside report, the Southeast Afghanistan army and police practice of kidnapping, robbing and raping is so prevalent that women and girls are staying home as a means of protection. The revere of assault and political intimidation prevents the women and girls from gaining an education, employment and political determine. (National Organization for Women, 2008) There is no abiding law and order in Afghanistan by the police or topical anesthetic authorities. The NATO forces do not have nice manpower to offer protection.However, armed fathers, husbands and brothers do all they can to protect the women. Afghanistan is overly known for child brides and marrying off girls as tender as eleven to men in their thirties and even older. True, women hold 27 per centum of the sit in the National Assembly and one-sixth of the seats in the Upper House. But most Afghan women remain illiterate, impoverished and compromising to political and criminal violence. Only 15 percent of Afghan woman can read. The United Nations has describe Afghan women as being among the worst-off in the world. On average, women in Afghanistan die at least 20 years younger than women elsewhere. (Women in Afghanistan, 2006) In Herat, which is Afghanistans second largest city, the government has given women and girls limited educational and employment opportunities. Women groups have been censored, and derailed from the governments administration. It is bad enough that the government is inauspicious womens rights, but society has enforce other means by handing out pamphlets in communities encouraging parents not to brand their daughters to school, and many of the girls schools have been firebombed and burned.Some girls have been poisoned to death for going to school. Parents that often cross education for their daughters, force their young girls into marriage. Girls are forced into m arriage as young as eight years old. former(a) restrictions that Afghan women face as a violation of womens rights is a ban on outside employment, strict reduce code for women, very limited medical care, threats of violence if seen without a husband, father or male relative and rejection of humanitarian attention.Women are denied any share of humanitarian aid delivered to their country under the assumption that the men will take care of the women. ahead the Taliban takeover in 1996, the Afghanistan women were scientist, members of parliament, cabinet members, and university professors. They led corporations, non-profit organizations and local communities. Many of these women are more than qualified to lead Afghanistan back to democracy. In November 2001, shockingly, Afghan women marched for their rights in Kabul. For the first time in more than six years, Afghan women rallied for their rights.Hillary Clinton established a campaign for women in Afghanistan and in 1999 she spoke ou t on their behalf intimately the abuse and the wearing of the burqua of the women in Afghanistan. Over the years, some schools have reopened in Afghanistan allowing boys and girls to attend. Several women have also been plant or elected to important political roles. In the past five years, in the southern city of Kandahar at least five thousand women have graduated from special literacy courses, where they learned how to read and write and were taught skills such as dressmaking or computing device knowledge.There is a woman minister of public health, a woman minister of womens affairs and a woman heading the human rights commission. Women are also now able to travel more freely, and they have returned to work. Although progress is being made, there is still much more turmoil. Registered cases of physical violence against women and girls in Afghanistan have increased by about 40 percent since March 2007. Some women seek skirt by self-immolation, resulting in death or disfigureme nt.Last year, at least 30 women committed suicide in the western Farah Province alone, most of them by set themselves on fire, according to Afghan media reports. (Afghanistan Online, 2008) The Afghanistan government announced a plan to give nearly one third of jobs to women by 2012. I hope that this will lead to greater things, and that the womens rights of Afghanistan will improve and that every woman will be include throughout the country, and they can move forward.Womens RightsWomens rightsHistory of womens rights See also Legal rights of women in history and Timeline of womens rights (other than voting) China The status of women In China was low, by and large due to the custom of foot binding. astir(predicate) 45% of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th century. For the upper classes, it was almost nose candy%. In 1912, the Chinese government legitimate the cessation of foot-binding. Foot-binding Involved alteration of the turn out structure so that the feet were only about 4 inches long.The bound feet caused difficulty of movement, therefrom greatly limiting the activities of women. Due to the social custom that men and omen should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for female doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927)3 was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA) to found the first medical college for women in China.Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women this College was located In Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A. K. Hackett (1851-1916) of Indiana, USA. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the round top of Chinese womens social Greece The status of women in ancient Greece varied form city state to city state. Records exist of women in ancient Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta owning land, the most prestigious form of private property at the tlme. 8 In ancient Athens. omen had no legal personhood and were assumed to be part of the oikos headed by the male kyrios. Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. once married the husband became a womans kyrlos. As omen were barred from conducting legal proceedings, the kyrios would do so on their behalf. 9 Athenian women had limited right to property and therefore were not considered full citizens, as citizenship and the entitlement to civil and political rights was defined in relation to property and the means to life. 10 However, women could acquire rights over property through gifts, dowry and inheritance, though her kyrios had the right to dispose of a womans property11 Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a medimnos of barley (a measure of grain), allowing women to engage in petty trading. 9 Slaves, like women, were not eligible for full citizenship In ancient Athens, though In rare quite a little they could become citizens if freed. The only permanent hindrance to citizenship, and hence full political and civil rights, in ancient Athens was gender.No women ever acquired citizenship In ancient Athens, and therefore women were excluded In principle and practice from ancient Athenian democracy. 12 By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and look on that was unknown in the rest of the uncorrupted world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they njoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men meshed in military activity, women took responsibility for streamlet estates. Following protracted and 40% of all Spartan land and By the Hellenic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women.The unique thing about Patria Potestas was that it ad no age limits, according to Gaius a man could be consul, have a w ife and children of his own and future prominence but as long as his father was alive was still under his potestas (power) and so could own nothing. Patria Potestas only ended with either the death of the father, or emancipation by him. Early in the Republic Manus Marriage ended the potestas for women, but during the middle and later Republic that form of marriage became rare, eventually disappearing completely.Marriage Under Law Rome had only two forms of marriage, and both had exactly the opposite view of legal effects. Manus Marriage was the earlier form of marriage and place the woman under her husbands manus legally standing in the position of a daughter. Under this type of marriage women could own nothing, and had little if any legal protections. On the other hand a woman assumed the position of her husbands daughter in Manus Marriage making her agnatically alternatively of cognatically related to Manus, and was the opposite of Manus.Women married sinfulness Manu experience d no legal changes, so if her father was alive at time of marriage she continued to be his bloodsucking and before the reign of Marcus Aurelius he could even force an end to he marriage. The lack of any legal change of status for the women meant that (provided their father had either died or turn them) they could own property, conduct most forms of business, and disjoin her husband (without any reason needed). licitly speaking the only lack of liberty a woman in Rome experienced in a marriage without Manus was from her father.The only legal issue related to marriage was dowry. A dowry was not required by law, but was usually provided by a father or if a father was vanished it would be whatever the bride wished to come out of her own estate. It was administered by the husband, but in the vent of a divorce he was required to provide either the dowry or the equivalent of it back to his wife. In the case of adultery, husbands got to keep portions of the dowry. Politics lawfully sp eaking women were banned from politics.As with freedmen and slaves of the Imperial Family women of the gallant family gained some benefits from the fall of the Republic, but because the spirit of the Principate was to hide dictatorship such power had to be subtle and kept out of the public eye when possible. The ban on women and politics was they could not vote or run for office (sine suffragio) enlist n the army, or represent somebody else in court, women speaking their minds was not considered politics and so some women like Hortensia managed to make appearances in politics without violating the law.Inheritance Rights Everyone under the potestas of another had equal rights of inheritance under Roman Law, and wills that did otherwise ran risks of being challenged and invalidated as negligent. Stoic Influence Stoic philosophies had a strong effect on the development of law in ancient Rome. The Roman stoic thinkers Seneca and Musonius Rufus developed theories of Just elationships (not to be confused with equality in society, or even equality) arguing that nature gives men and women equal capacity for virtue and equal obligations to act virtuously (a vague concept).Therefore they argued that men and women have an equal need for philosophical education. 20 Stoic theories entered Roman law first through the Roman lawyer and senator Marcus Tullius Cicero and the influence of stoicism and philosophy increased while the status of women improved under the Empire. 21 ghostly scriptures Bible See Women in the Bible Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the mother of all the living. (Genesis 320) Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading Israel at that time. Oudges 44) God chose a woman, Deborah, to lead Israel.Quran The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the disgorge page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. feminism, and Sex segregation and Islam The Quran, revealed to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, provide guidance to the Islamic community and special existing customs in Arab society. From 610 and 661, known as the early reforms under Islam, the Quran introduced primaeval reforms to customary law and ntroduced rights for women in marriage, divorce and inheritance.By providing that the wife, not her family, would receive a dowry from the husband, which she could administer as her personal property, the Quran made women a legal party to the marriage contract. citation needed While in customary law inheritance was limited to male descendents, the Quran introduced rules on inheritance with certain fixed shares being distributed to designated heirs, first to the nearest female relatives and then the nearest male relatives. 22 According to Annemarie Schimmel compared to he pre-lslamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an immense progress the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the we alth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work. 23 The general improvement of the status of Arab women included prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing womens full personhood. 24 Women were more often than not given greater rights than women in pre-lslamic Arabia2526 and knightly Europe. 27 Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures until centuries later. 28 According to prof William Montgomery Watt, when seen in uch historical context, Muhammad can be seen as a fgure who testified on behalf of womens rights. 29 The Middle Ages According to English parkland Law, which developed from the 12th century onward, all property which a wife held at the time of a marriage became a possession of her husband. Eventually English courts forbade a husbands transferring property without the consent of his wife, but he still retained the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced.French married women suffered from restrictions on their legal capacity which were removed only in 1965. 30 In the 16th entury, the reclamation in Europe allowed more women to add their voices, including the English writers Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, and the prophetess Anna Trapnell. English and American Quakers believed that men and women were equal. Many Quaker women were preachers. 31 Despite relatively greater freedom for Anglo-Saxon women, until the mid-19th century, writers mostly assumed that a patriarchal order was a natural order that had always existed. 32 This perception was not seriously challenged until the eighteenth century when Jesuit missionaries found matrilineality in native North American peoples. 33 18th and 19th century Europe The deb (1807) by Henry Fuseli The woman, victim of male social conventions, is tied to the wall, made to sew and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects Mary Wollstonecrafts views in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, published in 1792. 34 Starting in the late 18th century , and throughout the 19th century, rights, as a concept and claim, gained increasing political, social and philosophical importance in Europe.Movements emerged which demanded freedom of religion, the abolition of slavery, rights for women, rights for those who did not own property and universal to political debates in both France and Britain. At the time some of the sterling(prenominal) thinkers of the Enlightenment, who defended democratic principles of equality and challenged notions that a permit few should rule over the vast majority of the population, believed that these principles should be applied only to their own gender and their own race.The philosopher dungaree Jacques Rousseau for example thought that it was the order of nature for woman to obey men. He wrote Women do wrong to complain of the inequality of unreal laws and claimed that when she tries to usurp our rights, she is our First page of the solving of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen In 1791 he Fre nch playwright and political activist Olympe de Gouges published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen,37 modelled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789.The Declaration is ironic in formulation and exposes the visitation of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their criminal condition, and of the rights they have lost in society. The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen ollows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as almost a parody f the original written document. The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility.De Gouges expands the sixth article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which declared the rights of citizens to take part in the formation of law, to Australian womens rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon A vatic female member foists her babys care on the House Speaker All citizens including women are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, nonetheless denied equal rights. 8 Mary Wollstonecraft, a British writer and philosopher, published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that it was the education and upbringing of women that created limited expectations.