Prison-Building in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prison-Building in the UK - Essay Example How a job is going to be attained is an issue that relates mainly to procurement. There are three different main routes of procurement which one could follow. The first option is perhaps the most obvious, PFI (private finance initiative) procurement, is classic and actually quite attractive. For the purposes of this project, PFI will not be used. However it is helpful to know what it is exactly. Private finance initiatives are usually used when the public sector arranges to buy services, with very empirically-based outcomes from the private sector. This is ongoing for a long time, which includes the maintenance and/or construction of the appropriate designs so that management by the private sector is maximized by the private finance being at a high risk. Next, which is not as innately apparent, is prime contracting. In this instance, a sole contractor is in the place of being the point man for a client in the public realm to produce deliverable goods-such as a completed construction project with budgetary constraints. The next and final procurement option is design and build, wherein one contractor, also indebted to a client in the public realm, has a single outcome specified. Unlike the prime contracting model, there is no pre-agreed cost data. Basically, the fact that these prisons are not being built with private finance initiative procurement is problematic. First, the fact that the money being spent would be taken from private funding would ensure that the public was not being swindled. Secondly, if something went wrong with the project, the money being spent would not be public monies. In fact, the fact that the monies that will be spent are public monies is highly problematic. How then does the prison industry make sure that it is being faithful to its intended purpose (housing prisoners). Someone, if this is public funds being used, must be kept accountable in terms of how the public's money or tax dollars are being spent. Private finance initiative pro curement monies would be safer to use because if the money is not utilized properly, the private sector could more easily sue for damages. However, since the money is the public's money, the public does not necessarily have a representative in place to represent their interests, needs, and wants with regard to how the project is coming along. In this way, there is much more potential for abuse when it comes to the public's money being spent on the prison programme. SECTION II. III. Question II In the opinion of Ramus, et. al. (2006), "After a client has selected an appropriate procurement strategy for his building project, the next stage will be a review of how best to obtain the resources that will be necessary for him to have the work carried out. In most instances, client organizations will have limited skills and resources" (pp. 68). There are four different types of contracts which could be utilized in this situation: a contract based on bills of

Wisdom Literature And Psalms Religion Essay

Wisdom Literature And Psalms Religion Essay Within the Hebrew Bible itself, the wisdom literature is exciting, because it deals directly with life. The life-death situation is expressed positively in the image of the tree of life. Wisdom is a tree of life to those who lay hold of her; those who hold her fast are called happy. (Proverbs 3) There are five books in the Hebrew Bible that deserve the title of wisdom literature; three primary (Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes) and two Apocrypha (Ecclesiasticus and Wisdom of Solomon). Within this literature is a distinct lack of what one would consider typically Jewish or Israelite as there is no mention of the promises of the patriarchs, the covenant and Sinai, the promise to David and so on. Wisdom literature is not confined to the Bible. Every culture that has left a written patrimony has something similar to the wisdom literature (Socrates the unexamined life is not worth living, Plato know thyself, Aristotle all men by nature desire to Know). The fundamental desire for knowledge as such characterizes human nature. Wisdom literature includes various authors trying to understand human nature, themselves, and understanding God and Gods relation to us. Within the Bible itself, Lady Wisdom remains an elusive figure despite considerable attention given to sapientia [hokmah], or wisdom. She is the object of a quest in the first recorded petition for wisdom (Solomon in 1 Kings 3) and in the last wisdom book to be written (Wisdom of Solomon). What is striking about these biblical texts is that they embody not only the faith of Israel, but also the treasury of cultures and civilizations which have long vanished. As if by special design the voices of Egypt and Mesopotamia sound again and certain features common to the cultures of the ancient Near East come to life in these pages which are rich in deep intuition. (Fides et Ratio 16) Wisdom is described in so many ways: She is fear of the Lord, instruction for moral formation, human experience, the mysteries of creation, Law, a mysterious divine call, and even a spouse. Wisdom literature provides a biblical model for understanding divine revelation apart from the historical mode (salvation history) in which it is usually cast. Wisdom literature transcends all of this and is not tied to any specific happening. The openness of Israelite wisdom to the wisdom of Israels neighbors the clearly international character of the wisdom movement, the actual borrowings from Egyptian wisdom, the controlling references to creatures and creation provides a biblical basis for the possibility that the non-Israelite can also respond in saving faith to the creator, who is the God revealed in Israelite and Christian experience. If God saw fit to recognize the wisdom of the pagan Egyptians in Proverbs, then we should be open to finding divinely inspired thoughts and wisdom in other cultures: through dialogue with other Christians (Ecumenism); dialogue with other non-Christians (Inter-religious); dialogue with regards to other faiths such as Animists and Buddhists (see Ad Gentes encyclical on the Churchs respect for other faiths and the Churchs desire to bring the leaders of other religions in to the fullness of Gods revelation, spirit and Gods self-revelation in Jesus Christ). Within the genre of Wisdom, there are many definitions on the categories of the literature. Biblical Wisdom is focused on practicality. It is on how we ought to live here and now. In Job and Qoheleth we find practical discussion spilling over into the broader meaning of life and the challenges of life. Wisdom books along with the Wisdom literature of other cultures move with in an ambience of the religious, in general, but not overtaken by a religious outlook. Proper fear of the lord is an often theme in Wisdom. What you find in Wisdom often doesnt have a necessary connection to religion. For this reason, these books appeal to the agnostics of today. This Wisdom also appeals to agnostic writers who find something they can hold onto in Christianity or in religion in general. Something that they value and is essential or creedal in nature. Many of the Proverbs show this side; the interpretation may be Christian but keep a cross cultural appeal as their beauty. Wisdom literature is also a good source of evangelization. For example, Paul goes in to the Areopagus (Acts 17) and the people start to mock him before he speaks. Paul uses some well-known verses of Greek authors and poets to bridge a common understanding and that have a bridge to the pagan audience. He succeeded in bridging the culture gap on their love of knowledge and love for wisdom and learning. In an increasingly secularized culture we will encounter these Pauline episodes more often. Wisdom literature is characterized by being called secularized as it is often devoid of any specific Christian content. The non-religious nature of Wisdom literature is not necessarily bad. A tinge of secularity doesnt hurt in the study of theology and the practice of ones own faith. With respect to Creation, Wisdom books move within a religious atmosphere but are not taken over by a religion. Creation is a work of Gods hands and therefore intrinsically good and should be stewarded carefully. By properly understanding those points, we come to an understanding about ourselves as the crowning glory of creation. Humans are made in the image and likeness of God (imago dei). If forgotten, any statement on theology is foundationless. Many denominations believe Man is fallen, evil or corrupt. But we are inherently good and this is not oblivious to everyone. Wisdom by which many generations of cultures is elevated, affirmed, and ratified in the books of Wisdom and are given the stamp of Divine Inspiration. Due to the straightforward nature of the Wisdom, we must be careful to not over analyze the literature or over analogize. Church Fathers interpret the books at the Literal and Sapiential meaning. So we too should not look too deeply in search of the obvious literal meaning as the Wisdom books wear their meaning on their sleeve. Many parts of the Wisdom books are difficult to date. Poetry is difficult to date and uses play on words, vocabulary and sometimes antiquated terms to bring together literary elements that are difficult to pin down a specific time and place. For example in Job there is not a single identifiable historical reference in the book. We cannot locate it accurately in time. We study the vocabulary, but Job has one of the broadest ranges in the bible. All of the personalities are literary creations and cannot be attached to an actual person. The place names are intentionally made obscure [Job lived in the land of Uz]. A similar Wisdom text to that of Job is found in the Persian Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings) by Hakim Abol Qasem Ferdowsi Tousi. In this Persian Wisdom book, the theological emphasis regarding God being unfathomable and unchallengeable is similar to the teaching at the end of the book of Job. In Sirach the author tells us who he is in the preface and can accurately date. A simila r Wisdom text to that of Sirach (and Proverbs) is found in Prologue of The Code of Hammurabi King of Babylon (from about 2250 BCE). The Psalms were written over a very broad period of time. Some were composed in the 10th century BCE and have their literary roots in earlier times. Job, Proverbs and Psalms express the heart of humanity; common things that people have experience of and understanding in. Sophia or wisdom is the understanding of the cosmos as a whole in terms of its ultimate cause and principle. So the search for wisdom is our search for whatever it is that is first in itself that is THE cause of the things that are first for us in sense perception. In studying Wisdom we can come to see the importance of Creation in biblical thought and in Jewish/Christian faith. We can also come to see the interdependence and interrelatedness in the reality of the biblical world view. Nothing is profane in the Wisdom book. All is sacred somehow. Perhaps we will need to adjust our perspective in order to see and understand and perceive that inter-relatedness of all reality. In studying Wisdom today, we are seeking to look into the life and times of Jesus. Jesus frequently spoke in a manner of the Wisdom literature and we find He spoke of Solomon in his teachings of the Gospels. Studying the Wisdom literature will give us a broader appreciation of the Bible in general. The Book of Job describe how the main theme of this book is developed, how we read it in the light of Christian Revelation, and how its message may come into use in pastoral situation. The Book of Job points us to (in the Christian era) the belief in the God revealed to us in the person Jesus Christ. This book can only be fully grasped in the light of the Cross and Resurrection of Christ. Job is all about suffering and theodicy. Job is steadfast, not patient in this reading. The scenes have been deliberately worked to set before the reader a picture of a living saint, one who has won divine approval for his lifestyle and who holds firmly to God despite cruel afflictions. In this book Satan is one of the sons of God, the members of the heavenly court who do the Lords bidding and serve as his counsel. (Murphy 36) The devil does not make us do it, but only shows us and we do the rest and the manner of which evil manifests itself in life varies. The office of Satan was responsible for putting a person to the test. A person whose job it is to prosecute or point out things persons do not want to see. A Satan is a person who God has commissioned and Devils Advocate is the actual title of Promoter of the Faith. For Ancient Israel, there was a dark side, to God that was simply accepted. This dark side resulted from the worldview that attributed to divine agency all that happens, evil as well as good. In the first chapter of Job, his sons and daughters are taken away; livestock are also taken away from Job. The Satan goes back and asks God for further trial. In the next chapter, the Satan gives sores to Job and Job sits in ashes (a gesture of mourning/sadness). Jobs wife asks if he is still holding to his innocentness. Job still does not sin with his lips, but oscillates between despair and ardent faith. In the third chapter, Job gives his perish the day on which I was born plaintive speech of deep darkness. This is the dark night of the soul. This is the type of thought that goes through peoples minds before suicide. Only known to God is the moral culpability or responsibility of the action by the suicide. But there is hope for the survivors on the Via Dolorosa. When we walk in this valley, we know that Christ walked there before us. Authentic hope is there. The Crucifixion cannot be taken for granted. We cannot presume that all the suffering we go through is for nothing and that the person is presumptuously in heaven. The taking of a life is wrong. God still loves the departed and there is the possibility of redemption but we must then walk the dolorosa. Job is a model of Virtue and of Patience and of Friendship with God. Job 4 begins 28 chapters of a cycle of speeches by Jobs friends (Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar). The three friends have the outlook that associates earthly rewards with goodness and earthly punishment with evil. This is the gospel of prosperity. In Job 5:8-27, his friends give a fraudulent response to his state: God rewards good people and punishes bad people. Job acknowledges his guilt, but no sin that merits the suffering that is being visited upon him. In Job 13:3, Job pushes back saying If he should kill me, I will wait for him; I will defend my conduct before him. And this shall be my salvation that no impious man can come into his presence. In Job 13:15-16, Job is saying that he has a clean conscience. He dares God to smite him. He has such confidence that God will respect a clean conscience and respect that he will defend himself. The cycle of speeches by the three friends begins to wrap up and Jobs understanding of his plight begins to open up. He expresses an inchoate belief in some kind of resurrection (this is a pre-curser to NT belief). In Job 29, he has an introspec tive moment and describes what it was like to have favor with God. He looks to the past with rose-colored glasses with all the what if statements. Through this questioning, his spirit begins to change and moves closer to God. We must trust in God even though we may not see the reason as to why we are going through a trial. In Job 29:15, he says he was eyes to the blind and feet to the lame. He was so devoted to helpless people that he perceived himself in their suffering. He intimately associated himself with the others plight that they became one (charity). The Theological Virtues: Faith, Hope, and Love are so called because we are imbued with these virtues (being gifts of grace) as they have God as their ultimate end. Elihus (name meaning He is my God) speeches follow with the theme arrogance with God will bring you punishment. His friends realize Job is able to rebut them, but Job has not come to any conclusion on his own. But this does not lift his suffering. In Job 38:1-40:2 and 40:6-41:26, we see that God is always patiently listening. At the end, God speaks: How dare you question My ways. God never says that Job is in fact guilty of sin and that is why he is punishing him. He is angry with Job for Jobs method of dealing with the justice, righteousness and sovereign right to deal with His goodness. Job did not give in to the facile explanations of his friends. He knew he did deserve what had happened, but he had not blasphemed, murdered, or done anything else of seriousness. He is just like most of us. When confronted with his friends trying to pawn off his suffering, he knew it was false. This is similar to the Deuteronomistic line of thinking: Do wrong and be punished, do right and be blessed. Contemporary evangelical points focus on the being blessed or the book of prosperity. Until tragedy or suffering strikes and then we see these preachers drift away and become disillusioned. At the end of the speeches by God, Job realizes that he has nothing to oppose the wisdom of God. Gods wisdom is entirely other, beyond that which Job can attain. Job realizes he has no right to question Gods Will. Gods Will is always good, and beyond that silence. He confides his very being to the Lord: I know my Creator lives. The mystery is not always solved. The suffering and questions may remain and this is alright. If there is no mystery left, then that person as perpetrated a fraud on you. God walks with us (by Job) in times of suffering. In such situations, the simple answer never works. We must walk with the person. We deny the transcendence of God if we think we understand everything. We best understand God when we are in suffering with someone. To share in the suffering, we come to understand Him better. He has gone before us on this path of suffering. Describe the progression of biblical thought on women that is found in the wisdom books and in the related passages which we have studied. Where do these views leave us with respect to our Christian views? You may wish to recall figures such as the wife of Job, Lady Wisdom or the Ideal wife from Proverbs, and others. Perhaps the best way to sum up the book of Proverbs and possible all of Wisdom literature is the line from Deuteronomy I have set before you life and death, blessing and curse; therefore choose life. (Deut. 30:19) This is the choice that is laid out before us and Lady Wisdom and Lady Folly are anthropomorphic language that helps express the allurements of each. The Proverbs are an expansion of the Decalogue. It is the practical how to for everyday life and implementing the policies laid out in the Decalogue. Wisdom is often personified as feminine, perhaps in part because, in Hebrew, wisdom is a feminine noun. Grammar does not fully explain, however, Proverbs interest in repeated and varied development of the female persona. The female imagery for Lady Wisdom is also closely connected to her negative counterpart in Proverbs, that embodiment of evil referred to as the loose woman (Lady Folly). The part played by women in the Book of Proverbs is worthy of note. High praise is given to the virtuous woman in Proverbs 31:10-31 and also in a number of sayings scattered throughout the book. It is evident that monogamy is contemplated throughout as the regular married relationship (Prv 5:18), whatever deviations might be permitted by the law for the hardness of mens hearts. He who finds a wife finds a good thing, and obtains favor from the LORD, (Prv 18:22) provided, of course, that she be a good wife. There is another kind of wife, whose shortcomings are denounced in righteous language: A good wife is the crown of her husband, but she who brings shame is like rottenness in his bones. (Prv 12:4) By contrast with the woman of virtue, the sage utters stern warnings against the foolish woman, the brawling and ill-tempered woman, and above all the strange woman whose house is the way to Sheol. (Prv 7:27) A variation on the feministic imagery is seen again in Proverbs 1:20-33 and 8:1-21, where she appears as a prophet, calling out for followers in the most public places: in the street and squares, at the busiest corner and the city gates (1:21-22), on the heights and at the crossroads (8:2). Her rhetoric offers enticement and warning. To the one who chooses her way, she offers wealth and power. To those who ignore her counsel, she promises mockery when panic strikes and ultimately death (1:26, 32). Lady Wisdoms vocabulary mirrors that of prophetic language. She calls, (Prv 1:24) is refused, stretches out her hand, (Prv 1:28) needs to be sought and found (Prv 8:17) [compare 2 Chr 15:2, Is 6:9-10, 65:1-2; Hos 5:6, Am 8:12 [C.V.Camp]]. The prophets use such language to describe the relationship of Israel to God while Wisdom speaks of relationship with herself. In all these moral precepts it is presumed that men and women are free agents, responsible for the way in which they exercise the power of choice. Yet there is no suggestion that it is possible to lead a moral life without having any regard to religious considerations. Disregard of God leads to moral ruin (Prv 22:14), but by the fear of the Lord a man avoids evil. (Prv 16:6) Wisdom is to be embraced and is counterbalanced with Folly. Folly caused the Exile and shame. Wisdom will keep us out of it and on the right path. The Jewish people did not have a clearly defined afterlife. The Sadducees did not believe in the Resurrection or the ideal of Sheol (abode of the dead). Because of this, the focus on passing on to the children is dominant of ones inheritance. Proverbs is filled with Father/Son and Mother/Son and Child language imagery. Look to those who have gone before you in this life. Imitate them and learn the lessons from them and pass them on to your children (and so forth). In literature today, books given to children have a point or lesson imparted. This is a sort of an attempt to pass on our wisdom to our children. The end of Proverbs 31 talks about the place of women in Israel. It talks about the ideal woman and gives a description of one who is familiar to the post-Exilic reader. In literature that is a little more recent, Julian of Norwich treats Christ as Mother. This is not a feminist notion. Julians tradition comes from her identification of the second person of the Trinity with the traditional character of Wisdom and her understanding of the identity between Mother Church and the Mystical Body of Christ. For Julian, Christ is the Church, and the Church is the Mother. Christ is Wisdom, and Wisdom is the feminine. Julian never uses anything but masculine pronouns in referring to Christ. She also never characterizes Christ as mother, but describes motherhood as preexisting in Christ. Earthly motherhood, she says is an imitation and reflection of Christ. It is not a characteristic of femininity that Christ shares, but a characteristic of Christ that women share. Wisdom has always been personified as feminine and in some instances to such a degree that Wisdom is characterized as the feminine aspect of God. Lady Wisdom is a personification of a mental power that claims to have preceded creation and to exist in a daughter-like relationship to God. She transcends the mundane reality and human minds. The wisdom that Lady Wisdom signifies corresponds to the teachings of human sages. In Proverbs, the voice of Wisdom and the voice of the teacher do not blend. The teacher, in this case a father, offers wise and lifesaving teachings to his son. The teacher is wise, but wisdom itself transcends any human wisdom. Being personified as a woman, she is a heavenly creature, residing in angelic proximity to God. (John Bright, History of Israel). At the same time, she is traversing the streets and speaking to all. This image tells us that the various proverbs of the father and of Israels sages speak with the same voice: that of Wisdoms own voice. The collection of wisdom literature tells us that in the observations of the sages of ancient Israel and of the wisdom taught in the home both echo transcendent wisdom.

Sexual Assault Among Women In the United States Essay -- Sexual Abuse

Sexual Assault Among Women In the United States Sexual Assault described in technical terms is defined as any sort of sexual activity between two or more people in which one of the people involved is involved against his or her will. (3) The description of "against his or her will" extends to varying degrees of aggression, ranging from indirect pressure to a direct physical attack. According to the Crime Victim Research and Treatment Center 1.3 adult women are sexually assaulted in the United States every minute. (1) Of these assaults 84% of the attacks occur by someone the victim knows. The Senate Judiciary Committee the United States sighted the United States as having the highest rate of sexual assaults per capita in the world. (1) Unfortunately the majority of sexual assaults that occur against women go unreported. Only 31% of sexual assaults that occurred in 1996 were reported to law enforcement authorities. (1) The problem of sexual assault is increasing. In the year 2000 the number of sexual assaults against women had increased by 16.5%. (1) A woman's reaction to sexual assault can vary. Feelings of guilt, being ashamed, intense anger, and denial are common. In addition a woman can feel stigmatized by those around her and her community. A question to look at is how victims of sexual assault deal with the trauma that they have experienced. The assaults often times have psychological repercussions. In addition a woman can develop health problems. These health problems can develop as varying degrees of depression, anxiety, and clinical stress. An issue to look at is how much control a victim of sexual assault has over her reaction. How much control can a woman have over repressing her emotions? How much of co... ... communities that they live in. Furthermore if more efforts were made to prevent sexual assault against women in the first place were made, the number of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Cases would decrease. As more is learned about the implications that the environment can have on a victim of trauma, as well as the relationship between the mind and body, more can be learned about treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Sources Cited: 1) Sexual Assault Crisis and Support Center http://apps5.oingo.com/apps/domainpark/domainpark.cgi?client=netw8744&s=www.silent-no-more.org 2) National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ 3) Informational website on PTSD http://ptsd.factsforhealth.org/brp.html 4) Website for the National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/pbedu/anxiety/ptsd.cfm 5) Website for Zoloft http://%20www.zoloft.com/ Sexual Assault Among Women In the United States Essay -- Sexual Abuse Sexual Assault Among Women In the United States Sexual Assault described in technical terms is defined as any sort of sexual activity between two or more people in which one of the people involved is involved against his or her will. (3) The description of "against his or her will" extends to varying degrees of aggression, ranging from indirect pressure to a direct physical attack. According to the Crime Victim Research and Treatment Center 1.3 adult women are sexually assaulted in the United States every minute. (1) Of these assaults 84% of the attacks occur by someone the victim knows. The Senate Judiciary Committee the United States sighted the United States as having the highest rate of sexual assaults per capita in the world. (1) Unfortunately the majority of sexual assaults that occur against women go unreported. Only 31% of sexual assaults that occurred in 1996 were reported to law enforcement authorities. (1) The problem of sexual assault is increasing. In the year 2000 the number of sexual assaults against women had increased by 16.5%. (1) A woman's reaction to sexual assault can vary. Feelings of guilt, being ashamed, intense anger, and denial are common. In addition a woman can feel stigmatized by those around her and her community. A question to look at is how victims of sexual assault deal with the trauma that they have experienced. The assaults often times have psychological repercussions. In addition a woman can develop health problems. These health problems can develop as varying degrees of depression, anxiety, and clinical stress. An issue to look at is how much control a victim of sexual assault has over her reaction. How much control can a woman have over repressing her emotions? How much of co... ... communities that they live in. Furthermore if more efforts were made to prevent sexual assault against women in the first place were made, the number of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Cases would decrease. As more is learned about the implications that the environment can have on a victim of trauma, as well as the relationship between the mind and body, more can be learned about treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Sources Cited: 1) Sexual Assault Crisis and Support Center http://apps5.oingo.com/apps/domainpark/domainpark.cgi?client=netw8744&s=www.silent-no-more.org 2) National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ 3) Informational website on PTSD http://ptsd.factsforhealth.org/brp.html 4) Website for the National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/pbedu/anxiety/ptsd.cfm 5) Website for Zoloft http://%20www.zoloft.com/

Billy Budd †Foreshadowing Essay

Foreshadowing – in which a certain image or event may hint at something that becomes more significant later on in the story. Authors often use different literary devices to grab the reader’s attention, or to establish basis for plot development later on in the novel. In Herman Melville’s Billy Budd, Melville uses the literary device of foreshadowing to allow the audience to be aware of Billy’s inevitable fate before the characters in the novel, thus creating a feeling of suspense within the novel. In chapter one, the incident with the Red Whiskers (12) functions as a foreshadowing of Billy’s confrontation with Claggart. This is very similar to what happens later between John Claggart and Billy (58). Melville uses the incident to show that although Billy Budd is a gentle man, unwilling to quarrel, he can become aggressive if provoked. This makes the later incident more believable, since the reader has already seen Billy behaving in this way. The Red Whiskers is similar to Claggart in a number of significant ways. Like Claggart, the Red Whiskers dislikes Billy, and out of sheer envy he â€Å"bestirs† himself to pick a fight with Billy. Melville begins using foreshadowing early in the novel when he describes Billy Budd as a tall handsome sailor that was well adored by mostly all who knew him. Melville makes Billy seems flawless until he informs the audience using straight, matter of fact sentences that Billy has a speech impediment that only seems to rear its ugly head whenever Billy has something of importance to say (17). The fact that Billy’s speech impediment only shows when he has something significant to say helps inform the audience that something of significant importance will happen later on in the novel (57). Billy’s inability to speak during times of emotion will mean that later, he cannot speak the truth and save himself. Vere’s nickname is ironic in a second way, although the narrator does not point this irony out explicitly. The character referred to as â€Å"Starry Vere† in the Marvell poem is a severe disciplinarian (24), whereas Captain Vere is anything but harsh or brutal in his conduct. But while the name seems ironic  at this point in the story, the passage quoted from the poem provides an important piece of foreshadowing. Vere does indeed impose an unexpectedly harsh discipline upon Billy, and his commitment to principle is what prompts him to be severe (60). Without the element of foreshadowing within Billy Budd it seems almost incoherent that the events of the novel would have come together. Melville’s use of foreshadowing allows him to take the audience on an unforgettable journey through the life and troubles of Billy Budd and allows the audience to get a full understanding of the situations leading up to Billy’s tragic end.

Primary Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

The shoulder encroachment syndrome is one of the most common cause of hurting and disfunction in the jocks shoulder. Primary shoulder encroachment syndrome can happen in anyone who repeatedly or forcefully uses the upper appendage in an elevated place. The patho-mechanics of this syndrome implicate activities that repetitively place the arm in over caput places. Majority of jocks who manifest this status take part in baseball, swimming, cricket and tennis, but it is by no agencies confined to these athleticss. Repeated compaction of the subacromial contents causes micro-pockets of harm which finally summate as the activity is persisted with. Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The resulting inflammatory reaction involves vascular congestion and hydrops into the sinew or Bursa which farther reduces the infinite beneath the coraco-acromial arch. This consequences in hurting that interferes with normal biomechanics of the shoulder b y doing musculus encroachment and compensatory motions or positions. The importance of its acknowledgment is that encroachment is frequently a progressive status that, if recognized and treated early, can hold a more favourable result. Delay in acknowledgment and intervention can let secondary alterations to happen, with attendant restrictions in intervention options and functional results. 1.2 FOUR STAGES OF IMPINGEMENT Ninety-five per centum of rotator turnup cryings are initiated by impingement wear instead than by circulative damage or injury. The phases embracing the encroachment syndrome has been described. They are: Phase I: Edema and swelling due to overdrive tendonitis. Phase two: Thickening and fibrosis of the sinew. Phase three: Complete thickness lacrimation and bone alterations dwelling of induration or spurring along the anterior acromial process excursing on the greater tubercle with subcortical cystic lesion. Phase IV: Entire tear which lead to superior and anterior instability. 1.3 Mechanical Factor Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The buttocks, anterior and inferior parts of the capsule have been reported to be involved in this. Athletes or persons who avoid painful overhead activity or who are subjected to gesture instabilities as a consequence of their athleticss can develop capsular stringency. During the period of antalgic turning away or imbalanced motion, capsular connective tissue can lose the ability to lengthen due to reduced critical fibre distance and unnatural collagen fiber cross-linking. As a consequence of unnatural orientation between fibres, their ability to glide is impaired, taking to joint stiffness. Capsular stringency and consequent restricted joint mobility can forestall opposite way humeral caput semivowel taking to an earlier oncoming or greater grade of subacromial compaction and painful or limited map, peculiarly in elevated planes of motion. 1.4 THE Magnitude The magnitude of the job is attested by the fact that 30 to 60 per centum of competitory swimmers and 25 per centum of base ball hurlers incur this malady at some point during their callings. The significance of the shoulder encroachment syndrome is that if it is allowed to come on to a point at which surgical intercession is required, really few jocks of all time return to their pre-injury degree of competition. Recognition of the syndrome and early non-operative intercession are indispensable for a successful declaration and the return of jocks to their accustomed degree of public presentation. Most jocks start take parting in athleticss when they are comparatively immature. By adolescence, many would hold experienced the symptoms. The mean competitory swimmer puts each arm through some 1.5 million shots per twelvemonth over a calling that may last 8 to 15 old ages ; baseball hurlers might throw every bit many as 15,000 pitches per twelvemonth, most of those at really high velocities. It is small admiration that these shoulders finally wear out and go painful. Normally known as â€Å" bursitis † , â€Å" cuffitis † , or â€Å" supraspinatus syndrome † , impingement syndrome is by far the most common soft tissue hurt of the shoulder for which an jock seeks intervention. 1.5 OVERUSE INJURIES: AN OUTLINE Overuse hurts in jocks are more common than traumatic and post surgical hurts to shoulder. The joint by structural default via medias on stableness for the interest of mobility. This poses a complex interaction of laxness, rotator cuff hurt ( Tensile tendonitis ) and impingement hurts ( Compression tendonitis ) taking to syndrome doing functional restriction. The etiology once more is attributed to patho-mechanics and can be classified into primary and secondary causes. Primary Causes: 1. Extremes of Range are used. 2. High forces are developed. 3. High repeat rates. Secondary causes: 1. Impingement beneath coraco- acromial arch. 2. Poor training/ conditioning. 3. Poor technique in athletics motion. 4. Poor vascularity of turnup sinews. 5. Muscle strength instability. 6. Muscle stamina instability. 7. Hypomobility. 8. Hyper mobility. 9. Protection of other injured country ( s ) . 10. Interplay of above. 1.6 PHATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TENDINITIS TENSILE TENDINITIS Tendon map is to convey contractile force of affiliated musculus to cram, facia or other constructions to which it is inserted. Thus it is structured to defy tensile forces applied parallel with the collagen packages of which it is composed. Compressive and shearing forces are ill transmitted. The crosslink construction of tropocollagen molecules contributes to strength of burden sharing agreement. If the tensile force strains the fibres to beyond 8-10 % of their resting length, the cross nexus fails and if continued causes harm and rupture depending on strength of force. In these patients eccentric lading may be rather harmful though biceps and triceps tendinitis respond favourably to eccentric burden. It is non indicated in supraspinatus tendonitis. ( Curwin and Stanish 1984 ) . IMPINGEMENT TENDINITIS Here direct compaction forces cause mechanical injury in add-on to any tensile overloading. This is more likely to do physical harm to existent collagen construction in add-on to tensile failure. Elevation of arm involves matching of forces around the shoulder blade and across the glenohumeral articulation. Activity of the rotator turnup controls the stableness of the humeral caput as the larger musculuss raise the arm. The tendon interpolation angle of some of the turnup musculuss allow them to lend a downward force to the humeral caput, viz. the teres minor, subscapularis and lower infraspinatus. If these musculuss are inhibited by hurting or weakened due to chronic nursing of a sore shoulder, superior migration of the humeral caput will happen to a greater grade, with attendant addition in subacromial encroachment.This gives the character of chronicity and patterned advance of the syndrome to inadequate and inappropriate intervention. 1.7 NEED FOR STUDY The intent of this survey was to measure whether the joint mobilisation as a constituent of comprehensive intervention provided any added effectivity in cut downing hurting and bettering active gesture and map in patients with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in over caput events. The specific hypotheses were that patients diagnosed with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome, treated with manual joint mobilisation combined with hot battalions, active scope of gesture, physiologic stretching, musculus strengthening exercisings, soft tissue mobilisation and patient instruction would see: Less hurting strength upon subacromial compaction testing. Greater active scope of gesture. The principle behind usage of mobilisation in shoulder encroachment syndrome is that it decreases capsular limitation and reduces redness when little amplitude motions are given. 1.8 INCLUSION CRITERIA Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. Active scope of gesture shortages in humeral lift. Painful subacromial compaction. Limited functional motion forms in an elevated place. In some instances, clinical trials were supplemented with information from physician-interpreted X raies, MRI and CT scan surveies. Age 15-22 old ages. Male gender. 1.9 EXCLUSION CRITERIA Upper quarter-circle glade tests are done to govern out cervical, cubitus, carpus & A ; manus engagement. Shoulder instability. Primary shoulder blade thoracic disfunction. Phase 2nd and 3rd adhesive capsulitis. Third degree musculotendinious cryings. Advanced calcific tendonitis or bursitis. Severe devolution bony or ligaments alterations. Neurological engagement. Advanced acromioclavicular articulation disease. Unstable break of humerus, shoulder blade & A ; collarbone. 1.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The usage of mobilisation as a portion of comprehensive rehabilitation attention is still non in trend and my survey aims to sketch the benefits of integrating it into intervention governments. There are merely few surveies done in this peculiar country and needs more nonsubjective findings. It is this dearth my survey aims to bridge. 1.11 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aim of the survey is to measure the consequence of joint mobilisation as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in footings of early recovery, fast return to functional activities when compared to conventional physical therapy devoid of mobilisation. 1.12 Premise The pre and station values of scope of gesture and trouble graduated table should demo a proportionate alteration in the functional result with a high correlativity. 1.13 PROJECTED OUTCOMEâ€Å" Joint MOBILIZATION UNDER DIRECT PHYSIOTHERAPY SUPERVISION DOES HAVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OVER CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT AS FAR AS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY IS CONCERNED †1.14 THE HYPOTHESIS The void hypothesis for the survey is stated as followsâ€Å" There is no important difference in the result between conventional physical therapy intercession and joint mobilisation techniques in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome † .The alternate hypothesis is stated as follows in conformity with the projected resultâ€Å" Joint mobilisation under direct physical therapy supervising does hold important alterations over conventional intervention every bit far as functional recovery is concerned † .REVIEW OF LITERATURE The reappraisal for this survey was carried out in three countries viz: Effectss of conservative intervention in shoulder encroachment syndrome. Diagnosis of shoulder encroachment syndrome. Epidemiologic surveies on shoulder encroachment syndrome and possible surgical intercessions. 2.1 EFFECTS OF CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT IN SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. Douglas E. Conroy and Karen W Hayes in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the topics having joint mobilisation and comprehensive intervention would hold improved mobility and map compared to similar patients having comprehensive intervention entirely. The following survey was indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command groups. Three blinded judges tested 24-hour hurting ( ocular parallel graduated table ) , pain with subacromial compaction trial, active scope of gesture ( goniometry ) and map ( making frontward, behind the caput and across the organic structure in over head place ) before and after 9 interventions. Age, side of laterality, continuance of symptoms, intervention attending, exercise quality and attachment had no consequence on the result. In this assignment, the experimental group improved on all variables, while the control group improved merely on mobility and map. Mobilization decr eased 24-hour hurting and hurting with subacromial compaction trial in patients with primary encroachment Syndrome. ( J Orthop Sports Phys. Ther. Mar 1998 ) . Hawkynss RJ and Hobeika PE in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the impingement syndrome may slop over at any clip to affect the next biceps tendon, subacromical Bursa and acromio-claviular articulation and as a continuum, with the transition of clip, may eventuate in devolution and partial, even complete thickness, rotator turnup cryings subsequently in life. They besides recommend careful warm-up exercisings, occasional remainder by avoiding piquing motion and local modes of ice, ultrasound and transcutantaneous stimulation along with pharmacotherapy. They besides province surgical decompression and unequivocal acromioplasty could be performed. ( Cl. Sports. Med. Jul 1983 ) . Bak K and Magnusson SP have emphasized that internal rotary motion might be much more affected than the external rotary motion which might do superior migration of humeral caput. They besides province that scope of gesture in shoulder demand non correlate with the happening of shoulder hurting. ( Am. J. Sport Med, Jul 1997 ) . Homes CF and associates of University of Arkansas have concluded that intensive patient instruction, place plan, curative exercisings and specific manual mobilisation has better patient conformity and lesser abnormalcies on nonsubjective scrutiny after 1 year. ( J.Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. Dec 1997 ) . McCann PD and Bigliani LU in their article on â€Å" Shoulder hurting in tennis participants † has emphasized rotator turnup and scapular musculus strengthening and surgical stabilisation of the capsulo-labral composite for patients who fail rehabilitation plan. Prevention of hurt in tennis participants seem to depend upon flexibleness, strength and synchronism among the gleno-humeral and scapular musculuss. ( Sports Med. Jan 1994 ) . Carpenter JE et al. , in their article in MDX wellness digest have found out that there is an addition in threshold for motion proprioception by 73 % . This lessening in proprioceptive esthesis might play a critical function in diminishing athletic public presentation and in weariness related disfunction. Thought it is still dubious if developing improves the perceptual experience, this is an of import determination that has farfetched deductions in the intervention of shoulder impingement syndrome as weariness might be rather common with the lessening vascularity and injury to the construction of rotator turnup. ( Am. J. Sports Med Mar 1998 ) . Scheib JS from university of Tennessee Medical Center has stated that overexploitation sydromes mandate remainder and control of redness through drugs and physical modes. He prescribed a gradual patterned advance of beef uping plan and any return of symptoms should be adequately and quickly appraised and treated. He emphasized that proper conservative intervention entirely prevents patterned advance of impingement syndromes. ( Rheum. Dis. Clin. North.Am Nov 1990 ) . Morrrison DS and collegues have shown that non operative intervention of shoulder encroachment syndrome resulted in important betterments. In their survey of 413 patients 67 % had a good recovery while 28 % had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Further age, gender and attendant tenderness of acromio-clavicular articulation did non impact the result significantly. ( J.Bone and Joint Surg. Am. May 1997 ) . Brewer BJ has documented a structural alteration of the greater tubercle and progressive devolution of all elements of the sinewy constructions that is age related with progressive ( 1 ) osteitis of the greater tubercle, cystic devolution, and abnormality of the cortical border ; ( 2 ) degenerative sulcus between the greater tubercle and the articular surface ; ( 3 ) break of the unity of the fond regard of the sinew to the bone by Sharpey ‘s fibres ; ( 4 ) loss of cellularity, loss of staining quality, and atomization of the sinew ; ( 5 ) decline of the vascularity of the sinew ; and ( 6 ) dimmunition of fibrocartiage. ( Am J Sports Med, Mar-Apr 1979 ) . Kinger A et al. , stated that volleyball participants have a different muscular and capsular form at the playing shoulder compared to the opposite shoulder. Their playing shoulder is depressed, the scapular lateralized, the dorsal musculuss and the buttocks and inferior portion of the shoulder capsule shortened. These differences were of more significance in volleyball participants with shoulder hurting than in volleyball participants without shoulder hurting. Muscular balance of the shoulder girdle is really of import in this athletics. It is hence imperative to include equal stretching and muscular preparation plan for the bar, every bit good as for therapy, of shoulder hurting in volleyball participants. ( Br J Sports Med, Sep 1996 ) . Jobe FW, Kvitne RS, Giangarra CE in their article â€Å" shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete- the relationship of anterior instability and rotator turnup encroachment † , shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete can frequently be traced to the stabilising mechanisms of the glenohumeral articulation. Neer CS, Craig EV, Fukuda H: Following a monolithic tear of the rotator turnup there is inaction and neglect of the shoulder, leaking of the synovial fluid, and instability of the humeral caput. These events in bend consequence in both nutritionary and mechanical factors that cause wasting of the glenohumeral articular gristle and oesteoporosis of the subchondral bone of the humeral caput. A monolithic tear besides allows the humeral caput to be displaced upward, doing subacromial encroachment that in clip erodes the anterior part of the acromial process and the acromioclavicular articulation. Finally the soft, atrophic caput prostrations, bring forthing the complete syndrome of cuff-tear arthropathy. They besides recognized cuff-tear arthopathy as a distinguishable pathological entity, as such acknowledgment enhances our apprehension of the more common impingement lesions. ( J bone Joint Surg [ Am ] , Dec 1983 ) . Flatow EL and associates of Orthopaedic Research Laboratoty, New York Orthopaedic Hospital, on the biomechanics of humerus with acromial process provinces that contact starts at the anterolateral border of the acromial process at 0 grades of lift, it shifts medially with arm lift. On the humeral surface, contact displacements from proximal to distal on the supraspinatus sinew with arm lift. When external rotary motion is decreased, distal and posterior displacement in contact is noted. Acromial bottom and rotator turnup sinews are in closest propinquity between 60 grades and 120 grades of lift ; contact was systematically more marked for type III acromial processs. Mean acromiohumeral interval was 11.1 millimeter at 0 grades of lift and decreased to 5.7 millimeters at 90 grades, when greater tubercle was closest to the acromial process. Contact centres on the supraspinatus interpolation, proposing altered jaunt of the greater tubercle may ab initio damage this rotator turnup part. Co nditionss restricting external rotary motion or lift may besides increase rotator cuff compaction. Marked addition in contact with Type III acromial processs supports the function of anterior acromioplasty when clinically indicated, normally in older patients with primary encroachment. ( Am J Sports Med, Nov-Dec 1994 ) . Hawkins RJ, Abrams JS in â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the absence of rotator turnup tear ( stages 1 and 2 ) † lay accent on prophylaxis in bad populations, such as hurlers and swimmers. Once symptoms occur, the bulk can be successfully managed with nonoperative steps. Prolonged failure of conservative attention prior to rotator turnup tear requires surgical decompression with predictable success in most. ( Orthop clin North Am, Jul 1994 ) . Hjelm R, Draper C, Spencer S supported the construct that capsular ligament non merely supply restraint, but are specifically oriented to steer and focus on the humeral caput on the glenoid during shoulder motions. Glenohumeral ligament length inadequacy can be the primary cause of shoulder hurting, runing from frozen shoulder to impingement like symptoms. Proper capsular ligament length can be restored with manual techniques. All patients with shoulder hurting should hold capsular ligament appraisal to guarantee proper glenohumeral mechanics. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Mar 1996 ) . 2.2. DIAGNOSIS OF SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. Read JW and Perko M concluded that ultrasound is a sensitive and accurate method of placing patients with full thickness cryings of the rotator turnup, extracapsular biceps tendon pathology or both. Dynamic ultrasound can assist corroborate but non except the clinical diagnosing of encroachment. ( J.Shoulder elbow surgery may 1998 ) . Masala S et al. , in their survey on impingement syndrome of shoulder have proved that CT and MRI are more dependable and accurate diagnostic methods. CT scan is sensitive to even cold-shoulder bony alterations and MRI detects tendon, Bursa and rotator turnup alterations. However they suggest obviously X raies to be performed as a first process. ( Radiol. Med Jan 1995 ) . This thought of MRI being sensitive to name encroachment has besides been confirmed by Rossi F ( Eur.J.Radiol. May 1998 ) . However, Holder J has concluded that distinction between tendinopathy and partial cryings might be hard utilizing MRI imagination. ( Radiologe Dec 1996 ) . Corso G has emphasized the usage of impingement alleviation trial as an adjunctive process to traditional assesement of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. This purportedly helps in insulating the primary tissue lesion. Such that conservative direction could be addressed to that specific construction ( J.ortho. Phys Ther, Nov 1995 ) . Brossmann J and collegues from the veterans disposal medical centre of California have stated that MR imagination of different shoulder places may assist uncover the pathogenesis of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. ( AJR Am. J Roentgenol. Dec 1996 ) . Deutsch A, Altcheck DW et al. , have shown that patients with phase II and phase III encroachment had a larger scapulothoracic constituent than the normal shoulder during abduction motion. The superior migration of humeral caput is likely the consequence of turnup failure, either partial or complete. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME AND POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS. An epidemiological survey on shoulder encroachment syndrome by Lo YP, Hsu YC and Chan KM in 372 participants found that 163 individuals ( 43.8 % ) had shoulder jobs and 109 participants ( 29 % ) had shoulder hurting. The prevalence of shoulder hurting ranked highest among volley ball participants ( N= 28 ) followed by swimmers ( N= 22 ) while badminton, hoops and tennis participants were every bit affected ( N= 10 ) . ( Br.J.Sports Med, sep 1990 ) Fluerst Ml has stated impingement syndrome to be one among the 10 most common athleticss hurts and impute it to unstable design of the joint. He suggests exercising to rotator turnup beef uping to keep the shoulder in topographic point and forestalling disruptions ( American Health Oct 1994 ) . Fu FH, Harner CD and Klein AH classifies encroachment into 2 classs Primary and Secondary. Primary being caused by nonathletic hurts of supraspinatus sinew while secondary is caused by athletic hurts due to unstable forms of motion ( nerve-racking and end scopes ) . This they concluded will enable better clinical attacks. ( Clin. Orthop Aug 1991 ) . Brox JL, Staff PH, Ljunggren AE & A ; Brevik JL used Neer shoulder mark and found that surgery and supervised exercising plan decidedly had an improved rotary motion when compared to placebo intervention. ( BMJ Oct 1993 ) . Burns Tp, turba JE found that after arthroscopic subacromial decompression mean clip for return to college degree competitions was 6.6 months. However no infection or neurovascular complications were found. ( Am.J. Sports Med. Jan 1992 ) . Blevins FT has suggested categorization of rotator cuff hurt and disfunction based on etiology as primary encroachment, primary tensile overload and secondary encroachment and tensile overload ensuing from glenohumeral instability. Arthoscopic scrutiny shows anterior capsular laxness ( positive â€Å" thrust through mark † ) every bit good as superior posterior labral and cuff hurt typical of internal encroachment. If rehabilitation entirely is non successful a capsulolabral fix followed by rehabilitation may let the jock to return to their old degree of competition. Athletes with acute episodes of macrotrauma to the shoulder ensuing in turnup pathology normally presents with hurting, limited active lift and a positive â€Å" shrug-sign † . Arthroscopy and debridement of thickened, inflamed or scarred subacromial Bursa with cuff fix or debridement as indicated is normally successful in those who do non react to a rehabilitation plan. ( Sports Med.1997 ) . MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The patients were selected based on an initial baseline appraisal and conformation of their diagnosing. The survey design was pretest /posttest control group design. Control group did non undergo mobilisation but underwent all physical therapy steps. Experimental group underwent mobilisation in add-on to the conventional rehabilitation intercessions. 3.1 SUBJECTS Inclusion standards: All patients were males and belonged to age group of 15-22 old ages. The patients were chiefly diagnosed and evaluated by orthopaedic sawboness and referred to physiotherapy section. All topics who were diagnosed to hold an sole shoulder encroachment syndrome were selected based on symptoms like: Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. Active scope of gesture shortage in humeral lift. Painful subacromial compaction Limited functional motion forms in elevated places. Exclusion standards: 1. History of capsular, ligament, sinew and labrum hurts. 2. Any recent surgeries carried out in and around shoulder articulation. 3. Any neurovascular comorbidities of the involved upper appendage. 4. Any pathology around the shoulder like periarthritis, calcified tendonitis, stop dead shoulders, AC arthritis etc. 3.2 ASSESSMENT TOOLS USED: 1. Assessment Chart 2. Ocular Analog graduated table 3. Goniometry 4. Functional Assessment Scale Visual Analogue graduated table in per centum 40-60 % 60-80 % 80-100 % Least Pain Max. Pain Functional Assessment Scale Reach TO EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make Reach OVERHEAD 135a- ¦ CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make REACHING SPINOUS Procedure CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make GONIOMETRY Measurements Active and inactive scope of gestures for shoulder: Abduction, flexure, internal and external rotary motions were measured and recorded utilizing standard goniometer. SHOULDER EVALUATION CHART Name: Age: Sexual activity: Occupation: Chief Ailments: PAST MEDICAL History: PRESENT MEDICAL HISTORY: ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS: Inspection: ANY MASS OR Swelling Stain Deformity Scars ATROPHY ( GIRTH MEASUREMENT ) Palpation Multitude Tenderness Heat Examination RANGE OF MOTION ACTIVE RANGE OF MOTION: PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION: Motion PRE-TREATMENT POST TREATMENT Flexure Abduction INTERNAL ROTATION EXTERNAL ROTATION PAIN ASSESSMENT Type Site Side AGGRAVATING Factor RELIEVING Factor 3.3METHODOLOGY In this survey the statistic used to compare the control and experimental group was Independent t-test. The Campbell and Stanley notation for the design is as follows: 0 x1 0 0 x2 0 Where, 0 is observation and ten represents intercession ( X1-physical therapy without mobilisation and X2-intervention with mobilisation ) . The t-test was performed utilizing the expression for independent t-test which is as follows: Where X1 – Mean of the control group X2 – Mean of the experimental group S1 – Std.deviation of control group S2 – Std.deviation of experimental group N1 -No.of patients in control group N2 – No.of patients in experimental group TI ± for N-1 grades of freedom for t13=2.16 IMPINGEMENT REHABILITATION PROTOCOL Impingement is a chronic inflammatory procedure produced as the Rotator turnup musculuss ( supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor and subscapularis ) and the subdeltoid Bursa are pinched against the coracoacromial ligament and the anterior acromial process when the discharge is raised above 80 grades. The supraspinatous/infraspinatous part of the rotator turnup is the most common country of encroachment. This syndrome is normally seen in throwing athleticss, racquet athleticss and in swimmers ; but can be present in anyone who uses their arm repetitively in a place over 90 grades of lift. This three phased plan can be utilized for both conservative and surgical encroachment clients. The protocol serves as a usher to achieve maximal map in a minimum clip period. This systematic attack allows specific ends and standards to be met and ensures the safe patterned advance of the rehabilitation procedure. PHASES OF REHABILITATION PHASE 1: MAXIMAL PROTECTION ACUTE STAGE Goals: 1. Relieve hurting and puffiness 2. Decrease redness 3. Retard musculus wasting 4. Maintain/increase flexibleness Technique: Active remainder Hot battalions Mobilizations: GradeI/II Inferior and posterior semivowels in scapular plane Additional local modes: Ten Pendulum exercisings AAROM-Limited symptom-free available scope Rope and block flexure T-Bar flexure and impersonal external rotary motion Isometrics-Submaximal External and internal rotary motion, biceps, deltoid Patient instruction Sing: activity, pathology and turning away of overhead activity, making and raising activities. GUIDES FOR PROGRESSION: 1. Decreased hurting and/or symptoms 2. Read-only memory increased 3. Painful discharge in abduction merely 4. Muscular map improved PHASE II: MOTION PHASE-SUBACUTE PHASE Goals: 1. Re-establish non-painful Read-only memory 2. Normalize arthrokinematics of shoulder composite 3. Retard muscular wasting without aggravation Technique: Hot battalions Ultrasound/phonophorosis Mobilizations: Grade II/IV Inferior, anterior and posterior semivowels Combined semivowels as requires Anterior and posterior capsular stretching Scapulothoracic strengthening exercisings Continue isometrics AAROM: Rope and block: Flexure Abduction, symptom free gesture T-bar lift: Flexure Abduction, symptom free gesture External rotary motion in 45o of abduction, advancement to 90o abduction. Internal rotary motion in 45o of abduction, advancement to 90o abduction. GUIDE FOR PROGRESSION: Get down to integrate intermediate strengthening exercisings as: Pain or symptoms lessenings AAROM normalizes Muscular strength improves PHASE III: Intermediate Strengthening Phase Goals: Normalized Read-only memory Symptom-free normal activities Improved muscular public presentation Aggressive T-Bar AAROM all planes Continue self capsular stretching ( anterior/posterior ) Chair imperativeness Initiate isosmotic Dumbbell plan: Sideling impersonal: Internal rotary motion External rotary motion Prone: Extension Horizontal abduction Standing: Flexure to 90o Abduction to 90o Supraspinatous Serratus exercises-wall push-ups Initiate tubing patterned advance in little abduction for internal/external rotary motion. GUIDES FOR PROGRESSION: Full non-painful ROM No pain/tenderness 70 % contra-lateral strength The whole protocol covers about 12 hebdomads for every patients and the patient is progressed through the assorted stages in conformity with the symptoms. The control group was non given mobilisation while experimental group went through the same protocol along with appropriate magnitude of joint mobilisation. 5.1 RANGE OF MOTION Flexure: The control group had a average betterment of 17.5A ±5.84 while the experimental group showed a 32.57A ±6 betterment. The t-test performed between them showed extremely important figures with t=6.73 at p-0.05. Abduction: Here the control group had an betterment of 56.57A ±10.06 as against the experimental group betterment of 79.21A ±10.64. The t-test was performed and showed a t-value of 5.78 at p=0.05. Internal rotary motion and external rotary motion: Experimental group showed greater betterment compared to command group with 27.21A ±7.8, 11.14A ±5.1 severally for internal rotary motion. The external rotary motion showed 36.92A ±5.95 for experimental group and for control group it showed merely 20.85A ±8.5. The t-values calculated showed 6.45 and 5.81 for internal and external rotary motions severally which are statistically important. 5.2 Pain There was important lessening in hurting in both the groups as observed. The control group showed a average lessening of44.38A ±8.5 % .The t-values calculated to compare them showed a value of 4.18 at p=0.05. Based on the independent t-test performed for 5 variables in pre-test and post-test control group design we conclude that there is important betterment in the symptomatology and addition of functional activities with joint mobilisation in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Therefore the void hypothesis is rejected and therefore the alternate hypothesis is accepted. So shoulder joint mobilisation is proven to be effectual in the overall rehabilitation of shoulder encroachment syndrome. The undermentioned tabular arraies show the functional recovery forms in the samples selected in the control and experimental group. 6. Discussion As we go through the informations collected in this survey it can be seen that there is really high one-dimensionality in the betterment of the patients with shoulder impingement syndrome in both conventional physical therapy and physical therapy with joint mobilisation. However it can be seen that the magnitude of betterment in the experimental group is much more greater than the control group. It should be emphasized here that the control group besides shows considerable betterment irrespective of the joint mobilisation, unluckily though the Abduction Range of Motion does non travel beyond 150 grades. It is for this ground that athletes come for physical therapy. The overhead activity is accomplished in the experimental group with scope increasing to every bit much as 175 grades. The internal rotary motion besides seems to increase more in the experimental group than the control group with scope addition to every bit much as 67o as against the 50 grades of the control group. This is in concurrence with the literature reappraisal and besides it seems that internal rotary motion is more affected than the external rotary motion. It is besides reflected in the form of recovery in external rotary motion to about 80 plus grades. Probably the capsular forms have a say in this recovery. The abduction besides seems to demo greater divergences from the mean difference likely because it has much more functional significance than other motions taken into consideration. Pain has decreased more than half the original in experimental group because of the rectification of pathomechanics and decompression provided by the joint mobilisation. Control group by contrast shows merely approximately 45 % lessening in the hurting. It should be noted that hurting may do early muscular weariness due to unnatural enlisting forms ( musculuss are less compliant during hurting ) . This leads to abnormal joint motion perceptual experience which may further augment the job doing more uncomfortableness and harm than the original injury itself. 7. Decision The literature reappraisal done and the statistical analysis done from the informations collected from this survey have shown that joint mobilisation is a technique that can assist in early recovery of the ailing jock. This survey has the restriction that it analyses jocks from assorted featuring activities and has been done merely in 14 topics which is quite a little sample. farther surveies which has larger sample size and more distinct choice control will throw much better visible radiation on the betterment form herein observed. The overall intervention should stress on the rotational and abduction constituents of the shoulder motions which predispose the joint constructions to be more profound emphasis than other motions. The conservative intervention of the shoulder encroachment syndrome is more aggressive than antecedently advocated. However there should be some cautiousness if there is supraspinatus engagement for which bizarre burden is contraindicated. Finally it can be through empirical observation stated that joint mobilisation is a valuable constituent in the comprehensive rehabilitation of the shoulder impingement syndrome patients and should be used judiciously after thorough clinical rating for associated comorbidities that contraindicate mobilisation. 8. APPENDIX 8.1 Particular TESTS Drop Arm Test: If the patient can non prolong abduction against minimum opposition or lower his arm swimmingly the trial is positive, implicating a supraspinatus sinew or rotator turnup tear. Impingement Syndrome Test: If inactive compaction of greater tubercle against the coracoacromial ligament or acromian reproduces the hurting, the trial is positive, implicating bicipital or suprapinatus sinew or subcromial Bursa pathology. Yergason Trial: Resisted elbow flexure and shoulder median shoulder rotary motion reproduce hurting or snapping in the anterior upper arm, the trial is positive implicating instability of the long caput of biceps sinews in the bicipital channel. Subacromial Compression Test: The judge positioned one manus over the acromian of the shoulder blade for stabilisation. The other manus was positioned on the ulnar proximal forearm. The arm was passively elevated into the stabilised acromian. Then the cubitus flexed to 90Es and forearm in a relaxed, palm down place. Once elevated, the arm was moved anteriorly and posteriorly in the horizontal plane, trying to compact all parts of the subacromial articulation thereby reproduce hurting. Following each trial the topic was asked to rate his or her strivings in ocular parallel graduated table. 8.2 Mobilization Prior to soft tissue intervention, the experimental group received a series of mobilisation techniques to the subacromial and glenohumeral articulations. The technique was styled by MAITLAND described in Carolyn Kisner & A ; Lynn Allen Colby, depending on the way of limitation in the capsular extensibility of each topic, following four separate techniques were employed. Inferior semivowel ( fig-a ) Posterior semivowel ( fig-b ) Anterior semivowel ( fig-c ) Long axis grip ( fig-d )

John Wilkes Booth;Americas In essays

John Wilkes Booth;Americas In essays John Wilkes Booth, a name that conjures up Americas most infamous assassin and killer of perhaps one of Americas greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln. Born in 1838 on a farm near Bel Air, Maryland, John W. Booth grew up favoring the south and its way of life. Being a Southerner, Booth was in favor of slavery and was a stubborn racist. For this reason, his hatred for Lincoln was intense since Lincoln stood for everything Booth was against. He blamed Lincoln for all the problems America was suffering especially any that were felt by the Confederacy. By comparing the beliefs of John Wilkes Booth to those of Abraham Lincolns, one can come to a clear understanding of how the tragic night at the Fords Theatre came to be. Slavery was a huge part of America at the time and one of Lincolns main goals was to rid America of the slave system. Booth was a stubborn racist and completely supported the slave system. In one instance he was one of the armed men responsible to guard against any attempts of saving John Brown (an abolitionist who attempted a slave uprising) before hanging. Booths racism is perhaps one of the reasons that lead to the assassination of Lincoln. He felt that Lincolns beliefs were outrageous and that he was out of proportions. "This country was formed for the white not for the black man. And looking upon African slavery from the same stand-point, held by those noble framers of our Constitution, I for one, have ever considered it, one of the greatest blessings (both for themselves and us) that God ever bestowed upon a favored nation." John Wilkes Booth, November, 1864, in a letter to his brother-in-law.1 Through Booths letter, it is evident that his racism and hatred for the blacks was extreme. He states that America was for the whites not the blacks and thus, he is in absolute favor of the slave system. For this reason, Booth yearned to get rid of Lincoln by any means ...

A comparative study of Omani employees’ perception toward managers’ leadership styles and management competences in public and private sectors. The WritePass Journal

A comparative study of Omani employees’ perception toward managers’ leadership styles and management competences in public and private sectors. Introduction A comparative study of Omani employees’ perception toward managers’ leadership styles and management competences in public and private sectors. IntroductionBackground of the StudyProblem StatementResearch Question and ObjectivesBackground Literature ReviewMethodologyLimitations / Ethical ConsiderationsReferencesRelated Introduction Leaders are fast becoming recognised as the key to success for organisations across the globe and as such studies on how leaders are created and how leaders interact with others are becoming much more prevalent (Chemmers, 1997). That said, the area of leadership in the Oman context has been largely overlooked when it comes to academic study and it is here that the research is going to focus. Leaders within business are increasingly being perceived as those who are responsible for either the success or the failure of the organisation in question and therefore their role within the organisation and the perception that others have of them are likely to be critical to their actions. Leadership has both an extrinsic and an intrinsic role. Firstly, it could be argued that leadership reflects the way in which the public view the company or the perceptions that those outside of the organisation have of how the company manages its operations; secondly, leadership looks at the way in which the employees and those who work directly with the managers are inspired and encouraged to perform in a suitable manner to meet with the organisation’s goals (Chemmers, 1997). Merely defining what is meant by â€Å"leadership† and the various styles that are seen to be available for such leaders is an academic study in itself, with one of the most accepted definitions being that of Chemers (1997, p.1) who stated that leadership is seen as â€Å"a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task†. This type of collaborative approach will form the basic underlying concept of leadership, regardless of the jurisdiction in which it is operating. Following on from this background understanding the research will then go on to look at how leadership in Oman can be developed to achieve greater commercial success with reference to the distinction between public and private sector organisations. Background of the Study Although there has been a large amount of general literature in the area of leadership and the emergent theories of leadership that have come about in recent years, there has been a small level of understanding regarding the role of leadership within the developing region of Oman. It has been suggested by Dorfman in 2004 that one of the main difficulties is that organisations in Oman are typically not very transparent with their operations and this can make it harder to identify any form of business strategy, let alone one that is rooted in the perceptions of individual employees. Taking an internal view of the way in which an organisation works is a crucial element of then looking at the role of the leader and how they can influence the performance of employees. It is argued here that one of the key issues is, in fact, that the political context of the region has a real and direct impact on the organisation and the types of leadership that are likely to be effective. Crucially, it i s also necessary to look at the cultural and political factors that are at play within Oman and not to simply assume that Arab culture will prevail. As a further point, by way of background, it is also noted by Dorfman that in Oman (as is the case in many developing regions) the public sector is often the driving force with internal practices, such as leadership development emanating from public sector agendas. Finally, it is worth noting that Oman itself is a relatively small country when looking at population, with a total of 3.5 million. On the face of it, the country has many similar characteristics with its Arab neighbours and is also subject to rapid economic growth; however, it is suggested in this paper that Oman has a unique geographical and political scope which encourages the organisations, both public and private, to outperform other countries in the same region (Haligan, 2007). There are arguably multiple factors that are likely to impact on how leadership is dealt with in Oman and these will be considered in greater detail in the thesis when comparing the approaches in the public and private sectors. These are briefly identified by Haligan in 2007 and include the political development in the region and the British influence, in particular. Issues of religion and culture are also thought to be important in the region and these are arguably factors that remain prevalent, even where there are economic changes or there are factors that may otherwise impact on the operation of the business. Problem Statement The problem statement for this research paper is to look primarily at the comparison between the public sector and private sector leadership skills, with reference to the employees’ perceptions of their leaders. Although this is a relatively specific area of study, there are potential issues that need to be looked at surrounding the study, in order to ascertain the impact that the various leadership styles have on the perceptions of employees and therefore on their ultimate behaviour. Employee behaviours are arguably linked to the leadership style, but it is also expected that other underlying factors, such as religion, culture and politics will have an impact. A comparison between public and private sectors may provide a greater understanding of these issues and the ways in which leaders can improve their own behaviours, in the future, to influence the performance of their employees. Research Question and Objectives The question here is to undertake a comparative study of the role of the managers and their leadership styles, from the point of view of employee perspectives, in both the public and private sectors in Oman with a view to presenting overall findings. In order to be able to provide a balanced response to this research question, there are several other objectives that need to be looked at, so that the answer to the research question can then provide future guidance, which can add value to those involved in corporate Oman. Firstly, there is a requirement to understand the various leadership styles that may be employed by leaders and the way in which these are likely to develop within the workplace. Factors that may impact on the choice of leadership approach will also be looked at, with reference to the corporate climate in Oman. For example, it may be thought that the political context is relevant to the leadership style and that this will then be different in the public and private sectors. Similarly, it may be argued that religion or culture plays a much greater role than whether or not the organisation is public or private sector orientated. Secondly, as well as the actual factors that influence leadership styles, the next part of the research is to look at the impact that leadership styles have on employee perceptions of the leaders themselves, or indeed the organisation. The ultimate aim of this research is for those involved in leadership to be able to understand how they can influence employee behaviours to the benefit of the organisation, in the future. With this in mind, the research question will need to be broken down, to understand the factors that are present but unchangeable and those which can be influenced, so as to create a more balanced view as to what leaders and managers can do to change the operation and the perceptions of their employees within the workplace. Background Literature Review Despite the fact that there is a large amount of literature available in terms of leadership styles, all of which will be looked at as part of the main research, the real essence of this research will be to look at leadership in the context of Oman and Omani culture. Over the years, it is argued that Omani culture and how it deals with politics, in particular, is that it has supported a participative leadership approach as being the dominant form of accepted leadership within the culture. This was the subject of the discussion in the paper of Eickleman, (1987) who found that the people of Oman, in general, operated by consultation, with leaders being largely selected based on merit, rather than on succession. This type of underlying culture is important as a means of understanding the prevailing culture and the likely employee perceptions of their leaders. Specific research in the area of Omani business has also taken place, identifying that the way in which leaders are selected by priests within the community by merit from a religions context which offers an opportunity for further analysis within the commercial context. Arguably, this type of social selection was also seen to be prevalent when Al-Ghailani researched the area, in 2005, considering how this then influences human resources practices. It was found in this research that the use of social criteria was often seen as important when it came to recruitment and promotional decisions. This was evidenced in the 2005 research by the fact that it was found that many religious leaders were petitioning the public sector to recruit family members into certain roles. He found that there were essentially two different leadership structures in operation, the first looking at merit and the notion of recruiting to fill a need and the second based on family and cultural issues. This two fol d approach suggests that leadership is unlikely to be a black and white scenario and perceptions are going to vary from person to person not just from organisation to organisation. By looking at other areas of research into leadership and therefore the employee perceptions that emerge as a result of the leadership, it can be seen that there are very distinct opinions, with those such as Farazmand, (2006) noting that this social element in fact complements leadership and improves perceptions, rather than being a detriment to the European and Western approach. A specific research paper that looked at the leadership values in Oman was undertaken by Neal et al (2005), which found that positive leaders were seen as those displaying attributes of strong charisma, being largely interactive and also having a degree of authority inherent in their attitude. This indicated that those successful leaders in Oman were not actually far remote from the Western ideals. In particular, Neal et al. found that an effective leader in Oman needed to be concerned with the personal welfare of all of the employees and that a further level of respect is given to the use of legal authority, which is seemingly logical given the high level of bureaucracy within the region. Methodology The methodology that is going to be used in the research here is inductive in nature, as it will look at the observations and actions of the various different managers, before then attempting to produce an overall theory that could ultimately apply across both private and public sector organisations. The first step of this research, therefore, is to undertake a full literature review and analysis of the leadership approaches and those factors that theoretically have a means of determining the different perceptions which are going to emerge from employees in relation to the leadership skills displayed. From this general theoretical understanding, primary research in the form of case study interviews will then be undertaken, with the author looking specifically at two organisations, one in the public sector and one in the private sector. Although it is recognised that ideally several different organisations should be looked at, it is noted that the reality is such that focusing on two organisations will allow for sufficient depth of comparison between the styles of leadership. This will then be used to produce a theory and a set of suggestions as to how the information can then be applied to establishing a set of recommendations for managers across Oman and indeed across other simi lar jurisdictions. Limitations / Ethical Considerations A key limitation which has been identified is that the case study element will only look at one organisation from the public sector and one from the private sector. It would be desirable to look at a broader range of organisations and even to undertake such research over a period of time, to ascertain how these issues change and the long term impact of culture and politics, at that point in time. There may also be concerns that the employees will not be as open as they could be, due to concerns about what their manager will think; therefore, anonymity is crucial and is something that needs to be taken to the forefront when collecting data. References Al-Ghailani, R. (2005). Equal opportunity in public office in principle and practice: An empirical study of the Omani Civil Service. Doctoral dissertation, University of Hull, Hull. Al-Hamadi, A., Budhwar, P., Shipton, H. (2007). Management of human resources in Oman. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(1), 100-113. London Chemers M. (1997). An integrative theory of leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, CA, Publishers. Dorfman, P., House, R. (2004). Cultural influences on organizational leadership. In R. House, P. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture, leadership and organizations, the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Farazmand, A. (2006). Public sector reforms and transformation: Implications for development administration. In A. Huque H. Zafarullah (Eds.), International development governance. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor and Francis. Halligan, J. (2007). Leadership and the senior service from a comparative perspective. In B. Peters J. Pierre (Eds.), Handbook of public administration (pp. 63-74). London: Sage. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Jabbra, J., Jabbra, N. (2005). Administrative culture in the Middle East. In J. Jabbra O. Dwivedi (Eds.), Administrative culture in a global context. Whitby, ON: de Sitter. Neal, M., Finlay, J., Tansey, R. (2005). â€Å"My father knows the minister†: A comparative study of Arab women‟s attitudes towards leadership authority. Women in Management Review, 20(7/8), 478-498. Riphenburg, C. (1998). Oman: Political development in a changing world. Westport, CT: Praeger. Winckler, O. (2000). Gulf monarchies as rentier states: The nationalization policies of the labor force. In J. Kostiner (Ed.), Middle East monarchies: The challenge of modernity (pp. 237-256). London: Lynne Rienner.

About Helios - Greek God of the Sun

About Helios - Greek God of the Sun Definition: Helios is the Greek sun god and the sun itself. He is equated with the Roman Sol. Helios drives a chariot led by four fire-breathing horses across the sky each day. At night he is carried back to his starting place in a great divinely-wrought cup. In Mimnermus (fl. 37th Olympiad; Ionian Greek poet), Helios vehicle is a winged, golden bed. From his lofty traveling vehicle, Helios sees everything that happens during the day, so he acts as tale-bearer to the gods. Persephone Story Helios saw Hades abducting Persephone. Demeter didnt think to ask him about her missing daughter   but wandered the earth morosely for months until her friend, the witchcraft goddess Hekate suggested that Helios might have been an eye witness. Venus and Mars Caught in a Net Story Helios owed Hephaestus for the cup that carries him to his morning daily starting point, which the smithy god had made for him, so when he witnessed an event of importance to Hephaestus, he didnt keep it to himself. He hurried to reveal the affair between Hephaestus wife Aphrodite and Ares. Parentage and Family Although Hyperion may simply be part of Helios name, usually Helios parents are the Titans Hyperion and Theia; his sisters are Selene and Eos. Helios married the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, Perseis or Perse, by whom he had Aeetes, Circe, and Pasiphae. By the Oceanid Clymene, Helios had a son Phaethon and maybe Augeas, and 3 daughters, Aegiale, Aegle, and Aetheria. These 3 daughters and two Helios had by Neaera, Lampetie, and Phaethusa, were known as the Heliades. Sun God: Helios to Apollo Around the time of Euripides, the sun of Helios became identified with Apollo. Source: Oskar Seyffert (1894) A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | wxyz Pronunciation: hÄ“.lÄ“.os Also Known As: Hyperion Alternate Spellings: Helius

The role of using first language (L1) and translation in young Essay

The role of using first language (L1) and translation in young learners classes - Essay Example Majority of teachers, counting up to 72% of them opined that bilingual education should be started at the elementary school level. One of the opinions in relation with this research question reads â€Å"I think young learners are able to learn more than one language at the same time faster than adults, therefore teaching English should be started in the elementary school and even before†. On contrary, 27% of the respondents were of the opinion that Bilingual education should begin at the middle-school level rather than the elementary-school level. A statement in support of this opinion as made by one of the participant teacher reads â€Å"If the learners of the second language started learning it in very early age they will forget their first language (Arabic)†. The response from 81 % of the respondents suggested they were in support of English as the only language to be should be spoken in the class. One of the citable arguments made by one of the teachers in favor of this argument states; â€Å"Only English should be used in EFL classes for the sake of the students, nowadays English is becoming a very important language in all aspects of our lives like to find a good job, to communicate with others and even in the schools and universities everything is going to be in English†. 18% of the teachers were in opposition to the lone usage of English in classes. They pointed out several drawbacks on only using English in the classes. One of the teachers opines â€Å"â€Å"We don’t need to learn or speak English; we speak Arabic all the time (home, school, with friends and family) so learning English should not be our main concern†. As far as the opinion on the need of translation was concerned, 72% of the total sample population were not in favor of students being encouraged to translate back and forth from the TL to Native Language, and vice versa. One of the respondents in favor of this argument states â€Å"Translation

Family Nurse Practitioners at the University of Phoenix Essay

Family Nurse Practitioners at the University of Phoenix - Essay Example Additional to providing the service in the conventional settings like office, clinic, and emergency care center, FNP can also help the families in the variety of settings like school, home, workplace, hospital etc. All these challenging aspects of the FNP’s job have attracted me towards the profession. It won’t be wrong if I say that I have a natural flair for this profession. I was fortunate to grow up in a multicultural environment. It has made me fluent in the second language, which has proven be a great asset in my professional life. My enthusiasm and excellent communication skills have given me an ability to carry out my responsibilities smoothly even under strong pressures of meeting difficult deadlines. An opportunity to study professional degree course of MSN/FNP at the University Of Phoenix will enhance my communication and decision-making skills multifold and will help me become a complete professional. Being a thorough professional will help me achieve my future goal of helping underprivileged families and individuals who lack health insurance. Hence, by getting a masters degree in Oncology Nursing, I will be able to achieve personal growth and job satisfaction. I have a strong combination of ‘knowledge’ and ‘experience’ of FNP practice. My experience of working in a local county hospital and serving vulnerable and underprivileged patients has given me great satisfaction. I feel that there is a strong need to educate people on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle in order to manage their diseases and to prevent future health problems. This not only will reduce the health problems of individuals but will also help in saving the community and national health budget. I am confident that with my abilities as FNP, I can help patients in curing their diseases as well as preventing their future health problems.

Fiji Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fiji - Essay Example (Source: http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/). There is data available to show the population of Fiji in 2013 and how it relates to the total World Average. The Population of world averages at about 7,137 million people and to this number, Fiji adds about 0.9 million which is the total population of the republic. The projected population of Fiji is within the range of 1.1 million while the projected population statistics of the world is marked at about 9,727 million. According to this data, details show that the Crude Birth Rate is 21 in Fiji; it is higher than the world average. This would mean that more people get born as compared to the projected demographics. The total rate of fertility is recorded at 2.6 in Fiji that is a slight difference from the figure projected in average across the world at 2.5. This would mean that many more people are to be born because the crude birth rate and death rate are one point higher than the world average. Fiji, as a country is not fully developed and so it can be considered as a developing country. The proof of this is that the TFR (total fertility rate) of Fiji at the range of 2.6 which is somehow close to the world TFR and this makes Fiji one of the greatest reflections of the general rates of population growth expected from the entire world. The economy of this developing country is, however, still not fully developed because it relies on the tertiary industry to help facilitate the development of the economy to the levels that can be said to compete with other developing or developed countries in the world. The data presented to support this fact comes from the International Merchandise Trade Statistics whereby they showed provisional data for October 2013 which showed that the total imports were at $447.6 million while the total exports were shown to stand at $228.7 million. When comparisons are made with

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 129

Summary - Essay Example f a student’s integration into social communities of the college and also the greater the level of subsequent of the initial commitment to the institution, the greater the likelihood of the student persistence in college. The second factor is the role played by the college classrooms. Pinto (1997) contends that if social integration is to occur, then it must take place in the classrooms. This is due to the fact that the classrooms function as the gateway for the student involvement in the academic, and social communities in college. Thirdly, more often active learning is confused with academic integration. Academic integration reflects a student’s experience with academic systems and academic communities. Such experiences finds expression in a student’s sense of normative congruence and affiliation. Lastly is the art of active learning. According to American College Personnel Association (1994), active learning enhances a student’s knowledge and understanding of course content. Students who frequently encounter active learning in their course perceive themselves gaining knowledge and understanding from their course work, thus resulting to such students viewing their collegiate experience as personally rewarding which further triggers their investment of psychological energy needed to establish membership in the social communities of their college or

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Research Methods - Essay Example With respect to Heffernan et al, â€Å"Self-Compassion and Emotional Intelligence in Nurse†, fathoming the emotions of patients that are cared for by the nurses is a key in health care delivery (Horsburgh & Ross 2013, p. 1126). The sufferings and variations of emotions of patients is a principle to fuel and facilitate care delivery (Czaja & Blair 1996, p. 69). In this essay I will showcase how significant sampling is to the achievement of valid and representative findings to a particular study. To validate the reason for settling to compare and contrast the sampling, the researcher explains the purpose of sampling: Sampling provides a range of statistical information of a qualitative research (as per this context) about the whole population by evaluating a few units selected. Sampling method is thus the scientific mechanism of choosing the sampling entries which provides the necessary estimates with associated margins of uncertainty resulting from evaluating only a portion and not a whole. To further amplifies the reason for selecting sampling, a population will always be big and hence it becomes difficult both in terms of time and cost, data analysis as well as its communication to stakeholders, sampling thus becomes valid to help represents population based on few selected units (participants) This therefore means that a flawed sample will lead to non-representation or biasness in participant’s selection. It is therefore, fundamental to critically and carefully en sure a clear representation of the population under study based on the effectiveness of sampling method employed. The issue to be dealt with respect to the same will be sample size, advantage and disadvantage of sample and types of sample used. It is noted that the two qualitative researches have employed the non-probability sampling (Convenience-IJNP and Purposive-JNC)